Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Training and Development (Secret Service Uniformed and Security Assignment

Preparing and Development (Secret Service Uniformed and Security Division) - Assignment Example Officials have the duty of arrangement of extra help to the Secret Services crucial various strategies. For example, the first is the Counter sharpshooter Support Unit (CS) established in 1971 (US Secret Service, 2014). The capacity of the CS is the arrangement of specific defensive help that assists with safeguarding against dangers that may confront the ensured parties over the long haul. Today CS shapes an operational unit of the Protective Division of the president. The Canine Explosives Detection Unit (K-9) set up in 1976 is another unit (US Secret Service, 2014). The capacity of the K-9 unit is the arrangement of particular and talented discovery for explosives that may influence the ensured people under their locale. The third gathering is known as the Emergency Response Team (ERT) established in 1992. The essential capacity of ERT is the arrangement of specialized help concerning unlawful interruption just as security provokes identified with the White House just as its grounds. ERT staff experience progressed, specific preparing and should maintain an elevated requirement of operational and physical capability. The fourth unit is magnetometers. The Secret Service began relying upon magnetom eter (metal finder) help by Uniformed Division officials to fortify its defensive endeavors from the White House after the endeavored slaughtering of President Ronald Reagan. The Magnetometer Support Units work is to guarantee that not all individuals entering secure territories involved by individuals ensured by the mystery administration have weapons The Special Agent Division structures one of the most tip top associations for law implementation on the planet (US Secret Service, 2014). The gathering has gained notoriety for over the 140 years of unrivaled help conveyance to the country. Being among the most established law implementation organs of the government, the

Easy Argumentative Essay Topics on Dogs

Easy Argumentative Essay Topics on DogsThere are easy argumentative essay topics on dogs that you can use to either make or break a writing assignment. Before you write your paper, you need to consider which type of dog would best suit the topic you are going to address. Some people who have dogs just love to write about them, while others have other pets as well and therefore choose to write about both. It is important to choose a dog because of its significance.One of the easiest argumentative essay topics on dogs would be the one about dog behavior. You can write about a dog's dominance or how they make up their own rules, what it means to a dog, and why they can be more difficult than other animals in training. The arguments you make about these topics should be based on facts and not opinions. Try to bring in facts about dogs that will be related to your essay topic and choose those facts that make sense to you. It is also important to remember that if you are writing about dogs and hunting, there are many other things that must be brought into the essay as well.You can do some general research about dogs to get ideas on what your essay topic should include. If you are not going to write on dogs, then you can look at pictures of dogs and look for themes that might be related to your topic. Another way to get ideas for essay topics on dogs is to research on sites where many other writers have posted their work. This is especially helpful if your topic has to do with specific breeds of dogs.One of the easiest argumentative essay topics on dogs is the one about dogs and their training. If you have a special dog that you love to train, this is one of the best topics for you to write about. You can write about how you developed your dogs' interest in learning by using various methods and rewards for training purposes.Another easy argumentative essay topics on dogs is about dog behavior and training. If you have a dog that constantly annoys your neighbors and yo ur kids, this is one of the topics you could choose. Again, some people just like to write about dogs and want to write about various types of dogs, so this is a good topic to try to write about. But make sure to bring in facts and not opinions to make your essay more effective.To make your essay a success, you should spend some time researching on dog training. Start by looking at different dog training magazines, such as Prevention or Doggie Style. You can also look online for tips and ideas that can help you become a better trainer.Easy argumentative essay topics on dogs are not only limited to dogs. If you are writing an essay about any type of animal, then you can use the same tips to write about it. For example, if you are writing about cats, then you should spend some time researching on cat behaviors to learn about your topic.The one thing you should remember about easy argumentative essay topics on dogs is that the writer should be able to bring in facts to support his/her arguments. A little research will not hurt, but it is always best to bring in as much information as possible. If you do not know what to bring in, then you can always hire a ghostwriter to write the essay for you.

Rates of Reaction Example Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to use reaction rates to determine the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation. Problem The following reaction is observed:2A bB → cC dDAs the reaction progressed, the concentrations changed by these ratesrateA 0.050 mol/LÂ ·srateB 0.150 mol/LÂ ·srateC 0.075 mol/LÂ ·srateD 0.025 mol/LÂ ·sWhat are the values for the coefficients b, c, and d? Solution Chemical reaction rates measure the change in concentration of the substance per unit time.The coefficient of the chemical equation shows the whole number ratio of materials needed or products produced by the reaction. This means they also show the relative reaction rates.Step 1:Â  Find brateB/rateA b/coefficient of Ab coefficient of A x rateB/rateAb 2 x 0.150/0.050b 2 x 3b 6For every 2 moles of A, 6 moles of B are needed to complete the reactionStep 2:Â  Find crateB/rateA c/coefficient of Ac coefficient of A x rateC/rateAc 2 x 0.075/0.050c 2 x 1.5c 3For every 2 moles of A, 3 moles of C are producedStep 3:Â  Find drateD/rateA c/coefficient of Ad coefficient of A x rateD/rateAd 2 x 0.025/0.050d 2 x 0.5d 1For every 2 moles of A, 1 mole of D is produced Answer The missing coefficients for the 2A bB → cC dD reaction are b6, c3, and d1.The balanced equation is 2A 6B → 3C D

Analysis Of The Board Of Directors For Tullow Oil Company

It is a pleasure to have you all as newly appointed members of the Board of Directors for Tullow Oil company. As a member, you will be required to have an in-depth knowledge on the overall operations of the company, particularly as it relates to governance. 1.1 Who we are Tullow Oil is a multinational and independent oil and gas exploration and production company founded by Aidan Heavey in Tullow, Ireland in 1985. Having no knowledge of the industry and no major backers, Mr. Heavey had amassed  £1.7 million in revenues, operated in 8 countries and had 42 employees by 1986. As of November 2014, Tullow Oil Plc now holds 146 licenses in 22 different countries, 66 producing fields and has a workforce in excess of 2,000 worldwide. Tullow†¦show more content†¦We are already a dominant player in countries such as Ghana Uganda, Kenya, French Guiana and Norway (tullowoil.com, 2014). Tullow Oil spend an immense amount of effort in researching the regions where they could penetrate. They asses a particular region’s viability and risk and drawing up contingency plans. 1.3 Our vision, mission and purpose Tullow Oil’s vision is to be ‘’the leading global independent exploration and production company with a clear and consistent exploration-led growth strategy’’ (tullowoil.com,2014) They are aiming to build a company that has ‘’an unrivalled competitive position’’. One of their mission is creating shared prosperity and improving our socio-economic impacts such as paying local government taxes, creating employment opportunities and engaging with local communities. They also aim to deliver a positive socio-economic impact and legacy and in being transparent and accountable to all of their stakeholders. (tullowoil.com, 2014). They create a rewarding, challenging workplace, providing employment opportunities, help local enterprise development, and managing their business which respects local communities and the impact it has on them. 1.4 How do we add value to wider society Tullow oil adds value to the countries where we operate in various ways. It consists of taxes paid to local governments, employment opportunities for both international and national people,

Stereotypical Gender Representation in Childrens Cartoons

Question : Describe stereotypical gender representation in childrens cartoons. Answer : Abstract This study sought to examine stereotypical gender representation in childrens cartoons. The literature review looks at previous studies and research within this field and will discuss findings from such studies. The purpose of this study is to look at how gender stereotyping is portrayed in modern day cartoons. In order to enable this study, three current childrens cartoons were observed and the characters roles recorded and further discussed and the findings collated and presented graphs. The results of such data are then discussed further and findings from the study concurred. The findings however indicated stereotypical behaviours with male and female characters being portrayed stereotypically. Introduction Therefore it can be assumed that children might use the portrayals of males and females in cartoons which they are observing. The influential theorist Albert Bandura believed that observational learning is type of learning which occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating novel behaviour role modelled by others. According to Bandura gender stereotyping is something children learn through their everyday interactions and their social environment, Banduras theory states that a childs comparison with distorted television versions of social reality can foster shared misconceptions of people, places and things. (417) This theory supports the gender stereotyping is learned process and Signorielli (1991) suggests that television is a component in the socialization, the report seeks to discuss the gender stereotyping of current childrens cartoons. The report looks at research which has been carried out in this field already. Children begin to watch television for a very young age from about eighteen months to two years of age (Thompson 1979:49) therefore very young children have difficulty telling fantasy from reality, Bandura suggests that children are particularly susceptible to the way in which gender types are portrayed on television, especially cartoons which make up the majority of childrens television between the ages of two and eleven years of age consequencely supporting this Witt 2000 states that studies show that pre-schoolers spend an average of nearly thirty hours a week watching television and by the time children are sixteen years old, they have spent more time watching television than going to school. Of children therefore television becomes the most important learning tool that teaches children socialization and how gender fits in to society (Barner 1999), subsequently supporting this Witt 2000 suggests such gender biased behaviour could be displayed by children and might develop gender biased behaviour through what they observe on television. Although observational learning can take place at any stage in life, it is thought to be greater importance during childhood and therefore the social learning theory has influenced debates on the effect of television. Methodology Design This type of research which was carried out was qualitative research, qualitative research seeks to discern the quality rather than the quantity of its study. The qualitative research method seeks to discern the quality rather than the quantity of its subject, it is therefore often used with explaining the why and how of a phenomenon as opposed to the what, when and where. Since qualitative research is exploratory and focuses on the discerning the why of things, such as human behaviour, rather than the what of the natural world, it is often criticized for being too subjective (Hatch, 2002) Participants This study was carried out by fellow peers, which was a varied age range and were females. Materials The participants in the study were all females of variety of ages, three popular cartoons were watched from DVD episodes. Procedure The three cartoons, Angelina ballerina, Tomas the tank engine and the Rubbadubbers were observed and analysed with respect to the ratio of males and females shown, and their roles within the cartoon and how they were portrayed throughout each episode. Literature review Gender stereotypes Research carried out by Thompson and Zerbinos (1995) examined the stereotyping present stereotypical behaviours such as the male gender being more rough, aggressive and strong and the females tend to be portrayed as more feminine. Consequently this is supported by Sternglanz and Serbin (1974) by stating that the behaviours of males and females were stereotypical in the ten cartoons analysed. Research has been carried out as to the role of characters in cartoons and personality, Barcus (1983) suggests that female characters are more likely to be younger and married in comparison to the males which were given significantly more prominent roles this was supported by the findings of Levinson (1975) by stating that male characters were seen to have a variety of occupations and roles in comparison to the females. There is a general view that the media act as important agents of socialization, and therefore contributing to the shaping of gender roles this is supported by the social learning theorist Albert Bandura to the modelling of behaviour. Children begin to watch television from a very young age, therefore very young children have difficulty telling fantasy from reality. Bandura suggests that children are particularly susceptible to the way in which genders types are portrayed on television, especially cartoons which make up the majority of childrens television between the ages two and eleven years of age. Therefore, it can be assumed that children might use the portrayals of males and females in cartoons. Thompson and Zebrions (1995) carried out research and analysed hundred and seventy five episodes of forty one different cartoons showing large discrepancies between prominence and portrayal of male and female characters. It was noted in their study that the male characters were given more prominence in comparison to the females. The way in which women have been portrayed on television has received considerable attention from researchers for more than two decades. This research has shown that females have been under represented on television programs, in adverts and even in cartoons, which females usually appear in lower status occupations if they are depicted as holding a job, and that females characters appear as knowledgeable than male characters. The Rubbadubbers In this cartoon there are four males and two females characters, in this cartoon the males are represented as more dominant and the females are very stereotypical in their colour. The females are also presented as being more passive and reliant on the male characters in the cartoon and the females have squeaky voices in the espisode. Angelina Ballerina In this cartoon girls are portrayed as girly and feminine, also the women appeared very domesticated in this cartoon. Thomas the tank This cartoon presented the male to be very strong, domineering and masculine and the males in this cartoon had the key roles in the cartoon. Discussion and conclusion It can be distinguished therefore from this study that television cartoons do however perpetuate traditional gender stereotypical social values, upon reflection the cartoons observed still reinforced them and representing them as natural. Implications The study portrays that the roles which women are given in cartoons are still stereotypical with women being portrayed as passive, feminine and they are less active and less domineering. Upon reflection this portrayal still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and presenting them as natural. The implications could be that girls observing television might perceive from such cartoons that it is not natural in society for women to have the main more domineering jobs in society and that the jobs which require a lot of strength are carried out by mostly males. Limitations However this study does have limitations as this is a small scale study if such research was to be enhanced it would be benefical to carry it out on a much larger scale with using vast number of participants and wider range of cartoons observed in order to get a much bigger scale of results. This report was a qualitative study which was an appropriate method as it ensured that it gives the persons perspective which was suited to this report. In conclusion it is recognised from previous studies (Witt 2000) that are children susceptible to what they observe on television therefore we must ensure that children are taught that gender is not all what it appears to be on television and the findings from this reports concurs that some cartoons are still stereotypical.

Wade Robsons Approach To Dance Drama Essay Example For Students

Wade Robsons Approach To Dance Drama Essay Wade Robson is a really gifted dancer/choreographer and is one of the most gifted in the universe. He has a really alone attack to dance as he combines prosaic motions with classically influenced technique. Robson gets most of his inspiration from the King of Pop, Michael Jackson. Although he combines prosaic motions with classically influenced technique, he has neer been classically trained. Wade chiefly focuses on Hip Hop which is the root of what he does. He tries every manner of dance and puts spots and pieces of each genre into his ain personal manner therefore it is ever germinating and is ever altering. He neer likes being choreographed or being taught, he is ever free-styling and making his ain thing. We will write a custom essay on Wade Robsons Approach To Dance Drama specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Robson has ever had an extraordinary oculus for item. In every dance piece that he does, he would make a narrative line or a subject before choreographing the dance stairss. He loves to state a narrative through his dance pieces alternatively of merely stairss that flows with the music. Every determination made is important to the secret plan of the piece right down to the costumes. He would visualise his ends in his caput in inside informations and that would acquire him to accomplish what he wants. Wade has a really alone attack to puting stage dancing. He would get down off with a feeling and a vision so he would take the music that would suit that specific vision. He would guarantee the scene of the phase would be in line with the temper. It would nt merely be dancing or choreographing, it would be an experience of art. His originative procedure has become more organic over the old ages. It is due to the alteration in his motion vocabulary that goes beyond his earlier street manner. When he was in his earlier dad stage, he would do certain he was ever ready with everything worked out. Of late, he would work out the foundation and leave the remainder to be created along the manner. Wade put his new attack to the trial when he was asked to work with the world telecasting show, So You Think You Can Dance. Strange characters and eldritch dark universes are his thing such as one of his dance stage dancings, the RAMALAMA that was performed in the show, So You Think You Can Dance. It had a zombie subject and was performed stagily, dressed in Victorian attire. It had lyrical elements and deformation involved. It looked a small like Michael Jackson s THRILLER picture but it had a small turn to it that was alone and fresh. Wade has received many awards for his astonishing stage dancings including this stage dancing that brought him an Emmy Award in 2007 for Outstanding Choreography. Wade Robson tends to set himself in disputing state of affairss that allows him to force his creativeness to greater highs. He is able to transform and turn himself into different characters harmonizing to his artistic visions. His stage dancing has no identifiable manner. Apart from the living dead like stage dancing, he did a wholly different manner of dance in his Dancing With the Stars figure in 2007 that was a dark, circus-like, funhouse atmosphere. He had his terpsichoreans dress up as circus performing artists and had a phase puting with circus props. The music that was chosen had a merriment and playful melody and it gave off the vibration of being in an existent circus. It is astonishing how Wade takes an mundane life experience and expands it to new degrees. His reading of a bird and a flower added with his unbelievable imaginativeness and creativeness, he produced a piece called Humming bird and the Flower which got him another Emmy Award 2008 for Outstanding Choreography. It was showcased on So You Think You Can Dance in Season 3 by its finalists, a Nipponese Hip Hop terpsichorean, Hok Konishi and a Contemporary terpsichorean, Jamie Goodwin. For this figure, he and his married woman conceptualized it and designed the costumes together. It was a love narrative of how two really different people/things could come together as one and how they were able to get the better of their differences to be with one another in harmoniousness. It was this peculiar piece that he had set the rehearsal infinite with lit tapers and played the chosen music to put the temper for the figure. .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 , .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .postImageUrl , .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 , .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150:hover , .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150:visited , .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150:active { border:0!important; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150:active , .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150 .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua66257fd05a8c53ed511bb28b0e44150:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Battle for Latin American Hearts and Minds EssayHis attack to dance is simple yet hard. He follows what his bosom desires and does non allow popular dance or the current tendency to interrupt what he wants to make. For this new found originative attack to dance, his stage dancing has become more original and unlike others. He goes with the flow of things, the flow of the narrative. Wade Robson puts himself out of his comfort zone non merely to dispute himself but besides to the general populace in hope that he continues to force his bounds and boundaries. In that manner, he would be able to act upon and force the bounds of popular dance. He has impacted many people to step up their game and inspire turning choreographers to believe outside the box and to happen possibilities of art in everything. He has made it to the top for his unbelievable gift, his originative vision and manner, his attack to dance. He has non merely made an unbelievable impact on dance, he has pushed the bound of how we look at dance. I am inspired by Wade Robson s creativeness and success. He was able to construct a name for himself without any proper dance preparation. It gives me hope that I would be able to accomplish my dreams every bit long as I put my bosom into it and hold the thrust to go on dancing for the remainder of my life. I was non decently trained either and coming to LASALLE has been rather a hard but exciting experience for me. It is an mundane challenge to be dancing with friends who good in techniques and have classical preparation background. Wade Robson has given me faith and hope to believe in myself that I am able to accomplish my end, which is to go a great and inspiring terpsichorean.

Time and Token essays

Time and Token essays During Chapter Five of The Great Gatsby, time and money are major underlying concepts, although at times they can be inconsistent with previous details of the story. There is a presence of inconsistency with Gatsbys time and money, during his visit to Nicks house he states that he earned money to buy his house in three years, but before he had told Nick that he had inherited all of his riches. Another discrepancy involves Gatsbys shy, nervous manner in the beginning of the scene, while the scene ends with him being overwhelmed with happiness. Gatsbys time and money are the two topics in this chapter that are mentioned very frequently and are most likely large factors in the conclusion of the novel. When Jay Gatsby visits Nicks house to meet Daisy, he is trying to create a perfect impression upon Daisy, even asking for Nicks lawn to be cut as well as his own before the tea party. Gatsby wears a gold-colored tie with a silver shirt in a white flannel suit, obviously attempting to lure Daisy into a relationship using his wealth. While he is guiding Nick and Daisy around his house, he manages to show Daisy all of his costly foreign shirts and piling them on the floor as if they were worthless to him. Daisys upset and attachment to his clothes may hint that she is willing to have a relationship with Gatsby. When Daisy arrives at Nicks house, Gatsby is impatient, nervous, and incredibly pale in color before seeing his lost love whom he hasnt seen for almost five years. At the end of the chapter, Gatsby is unbelievably happy knowing that after five years he has finally come to confront Daisy and show his love for her. ...

Creating the Holidays the Way You Want Them

Creating the Holidays the Way You Want Them The Holiday Haze This Thanksgiving, I spent my holiday in Dallas with my brother-in-law’s family. They have been very warm and welcoming to me, which I truly appreciate. And there are challenges spending a holiday with a family that’s not mine. Being the personal growth enthusiast and spiritually oriented person that I am, I tend to want to reflect over Thanksgiving dinner on my own gratitude, and to hear from everyone at the table what they are thankful for. At my brother-in-law’s parents’ table, I don’t feel empowered to create that experience. In fact, I’ve been warned that requesting such a ritual would not go over well with this family. In the holiday haze, it’s easy to get lost in what other people want. And it’s not very satisfying or nourishing. After the experience I had at Thanksgiving, I became more aware of social dynamics and what kinds of interactions and communications at a gathering feel nourishing to me. Getting Satisfied Last week, I attended the birthday party of my long-time friend Bruce. After some time had passed with small groups in isolated conversations about topics like the movie A Star is Born, the birthday boy announced that he wanted everyone to come together. We gladly obliged and many of us, with the group intact, shared meaningful stories about Bruce and appreciated him for his strengths. I noticed myself feeling much more present and enjoying being part of the circle much more than when the group was fragmented. I ended up staying at the event for hours. I organized two events myself this season, one on the first night of Hanukkah and one on the last night. At both, the conversation remained a group conversation, and I had no doubt but that I belonged, that everyone there belonged, and that the sense of cohesion was a draw for all of us to want to be together and see each other again. Bucking the System So often, I doubt myself and my intuition, think maybe the other person or people won’t want what I want, don’t even ask for the thing that feels right to me. Or I think I have to follow the original plan, even if I change my mind and don’t like it anymore. I’m watching myself carefully this season, listening to my gut and asserting my desires more. Today, that was as simple as suggesting that I meet a friend at a cafà © instead of at her house (the original plan) because, well, just because it’s what I wanted. What does it look like for you to create your holiday experience the way you want it? With whom and where do you want to spend your time? What conversations do you want to have? What would make you feel truly satisfied? I invite you not to compromise, even if you think other people won’t like your ideas. You might be pleasantly surprised.

Nutrition to prevent weight loss in stroke patients Essay

Nutrition to prevent weight loss in stroke patients - Essay Example Some cases will allow for the simple determination of nutritional ingredients. Many others are not as easy to deal with. In this essay, an attempt to present corresponding solutions to meet nutritional requirements will be done given the most common scenarios of stroke patients facing the risk of losing weight. Aside from the simple case, the following other situations will be considered: (1) stroke patients with poor appetite due to a damaged ability to chew and swallow normally; (2) poor taste and smell; (3) emotional issues preventing normal food intake; (4) the need for lifestyle change; and (5) stroke patients with chronic conditions. The purpose of including all these is to provide a ready set of guidelines for use when any of these situations are encountered. This essay is taken from the viewpoint of Nurses, Caregivers, and Nutritionists. A Case of Recovery from Stroke Without Complications: Determine Nutritional Requirements. There should be a periodic attempt to determine the stroke patient’s energy requirements in order to achieve a desirable weight. Of course, this is aside from taking BP before and after meals, and whenever there is a need to do so. Knowing the energy requirements will reveal how much calories are needed. Freda Myco (1983, p. 94) noted that â€Å"the energy needs of stroke patients†¦should be assessed in relation to body weight, body build, age, sex, health status, and physical activity levels.† For those who are normal, energy requirements would be about 2000 kcals/24 hours for men and 1,800 kcals/24 hours for women.... Knowing the energy requirements will reveal how much calories are needed. Freda Myco (1983, p. 94) noted that â€Å"the energy needs of stroke patients†¦should be assessed in relation to body weight, body build, age, sex, health status, and physical activity levels.† For those who are normal, energy requirements would be about 2000 kcals/24 hours for men and 1,800 kcals/24 hours for women. A stroke patient should take the right amount of calories to maintain weight. The consequence of too much calories will be weight gain, while lack of calories will turn the patient into a malnourished person with lack of energy to exercise. Since the topic of this paper is about nutrition to prevent weight loss of stroke patients, it should be worth mentioning that Freda Myco (1983, p.95) also clarified that â€Å"Malnutrition is not caused by simply taking too few calories, rather it is the result of a deficiency in the correct mixture of food constituents, vitamins, and minerals.â₠¬  Basic Rules For A Lean, Healthy Body What stroke patients will need is a good eating habit of the right diet containing adequate calories without the unwanted cholesterol. At Body Art, Tanya Lee Sheehan recommends (2008, p. 11) that a person should eat just enough every 3 hours. And the recipe should be â€Å"more lean protein, veggies, fruit and nuts†. There is a reason for eating more often but with less quantity. It gives time for food to be digested first before a new set will need digestion. But her ideas are for people who can still exercise and burn the food they eat through exercises. In the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) of the UN, along with Ann Burgess, Peter Glasauer (2004, p.83), there is a guideline about â€Å"How to help sick

What would a philosopher do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What would a philosopher do - Essay Example The self indulgence are more of voluntary actions than the actions of cowardice hence despite the external pressures the acts and decisions should be in a manner that it ensures that the actions are not due to cowardice but out of necessity and out of the necessary need (Locks). Things perceived as involuntary may be occurring under the compulsions of some external factors or may be due to the acts of ignorance .But the acts due to greater fear or tyranny then this are perceived as either voluntary or involuntary therefore it is quite complex where the blames ought to be laid. Individuals and authorities get it very complex in the understanding of the root cause of the most issues and the best practicable means of facing the challenge in manners which are comprehensive and competent enough to avoid the recurrence of the problems or to mitigate against the relative backlash of the problem issue. The judging of actions as either voluntary or involuntary must therefore be used in the judging of issues depending on the timing and the environmental factors surrounding the subject of discussion. People act voluntarily in the attempts to meet and achieve the actions that lead to the movement of the instrumental parts of the issues of concern and quite significantly for the instrumental parts of the issues of concern to be moved to the points of design .Such acts are classified absolutely as voluntary ,however under the normal circumstances the acts are classified as involuntary since in circumstances individuals do the works with certain external forces pushing upon them to act in that manner and had it been for their personal powers and capabilities they would desist and avoid working and acting in that direction hence the acts are pseudo voluntary. In some of this actions the men are praised for the acts however in certain they have to undergo enormous amounts of pain due to their great indignity that they receive in relation to their

The Cause and Effect of the Tsunami in Thailand in 2004 Essay -- Natur

The Cause and Effect of the Tsunami in Thailand in 2004 The tsunami in Thailand that occurred on December 26, 2004, was by far the largest tsunami catastrophe in human history. It was triggered by a magnitude 9.1-9.3 earthquake along the Indian-Australian subduction zone off the northern coast of Sumatra. The tsunami waves traveled primarily in the east to west direction and caused major damage along the coasts of southern Thailand. Unpredictably, it was a violent earthquake beneath the sea that initiated the massive waves and struck more than a dozen countries in Southern Asia. It also destroyed thousands of miles of coastline and even submerged entire islands permanently. Throughout the region, the tsunami killed more than 150,000 people, and a million more were hurt, homeless, and without food or drinkable water, making it perhaps the most destructive tsunami in the modern history. In spite of peninsular Thailand's location facing the northern part of this subduction zone, the lack of any written historical records, together with the l ack of any major local seismic activity, the tsunami caused thousands of fatalities and huge economic losses in the popular tourist regions in Thailand. Immediately after the disaster, numerous organizations and individual citizens have helped out and contributed to this devastating tsunami. Indeed, the tsunami in Thailand was a worldwide event, with significant wave action felt around the world. In this context, I am focusing more on the key features of the tsunami’s natural causes, the psychological effects on citizens, the perspective of socio-economic impacts and the consequences of the tsunami calamity. What triggered this horrific natural disaster that took place off the western coast of... ... the catastrophic event into an opportunity for the future. Even though the tsunami of December 2004 ended in a huge death toll, ongoing trauma and homelessness of millions of Asians, still they can recuperate from this entire horrific event. If any good at all is to come from this adversity on a human scale, it will certainly be considered by the compassion and generosity that the world reveals to the survivors. I must admit that I find very difficult to let it sink in my brain the fact that it can happen to all of us anywhere and any time around the globe. It might not be a tsunami that these citizens have experienced, but there are other natural disasters we can stumble upon as well. Surely, it has been a great experience for me to write this paper and to discover the truth about the tsunami and the total effects of what these people have to deal with.

Google in China Essay

Google is the fastest growing Internet search engine company. Google’s mission is â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.†(International Business: Competing in the Global marketplace, pg 148-149) They have a mantra of â€Å"Don’t be Evil.† Google started this mantra to be the main message to show consumers they would not compromise the integrity of its search results. This case reviews the situation under which Google was required to censor its content and chose to launch its new search engine site. The case explains the role of the Chinese government and its regulations in the Internet market which had a negative effect on Google’s operations in China. In 2000, Google started a Chinese language service. This service was operated from the United States. Chinese authorities blocked the site in 2002 because China censors information to their citizens. This block surprised Google’s managers . This was a challenge the managers did not plan on. If they done their research of the Chinese Government and culture prior to launching the Chinese language service, they would have known the block would be inevitable and they could have tailored their service to the Chinese regulations, culture, and laws. Google knew China was an advantageous business and they would need to adapt their service in order for it to be acceptable and profitable. Google also had to move the Chinese operations to China. Operating from the United States caused slow connection speed and hinder their operation and growth. This was a good move because it enabled Google to employee Chinese citizens who would be able to help understand and adapt to the Chinese laws, regulations, and censorship demands. Google managers made a mistake by not researching their target market. However, they acted quickly in learning and correcting this mistake. Google still offered Chinese citizens a better search engine, but it was not without censorship. The Google search engine offers more results than its competitors, Yahoo, Microsoft’s MSN, and China’s own company, Baidu. Google states Chinese consumers will â€Å"get more information on their site, though not quite all of it.† (International Business: Competing in the Global marketplace, pg 148-149) In 2006, Google had 30 percent share of China’s internet search engines. Baidu had 40 percent. This left another 30 percent split between Yahoo and Microsoft’s MSN search engines. These percentages are good, especially when one considers Yahoo and Microsoft had entered the Chinese search engine market prior to Google. Baidu has several advantages over Google that are mostly associated with it being a Chinese based company, the search engine has â€Å"competence in pinpointing queries in the Chinese language† (Yin & Yulin, 2010, p. 4). Government relations with China are precarious for businesses effectiveness. Google did not have a clear understanding of what they would be involved in. China has become more supported and self-assured due to its increasing economic significance. They are more reluctant to be pressed by Western governments or companies into changing its long term regulations and censorship. Because of this aspect, China does not yet comprehend global strategies and the importance of global public relations. This causes them to be more rigid in their international business dealings. All-in-all, Google has been able to grow successfully in the Chinese search engine market and maintain the number two spot (behind Baidu) in China despite their lack of early research on the Chinese culture, governmental regulations, and laws. References International Business. Competing in the Global Marketplace, Seventh Edition, Chapter 3: Differences in Culture ISBN: 9780073381343 Author: Charles W. L. Hill copyright  © 2009 McGraw-Hill, a business unit of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Ndi. In Sharp Contrast To South Africa, Burundi Officially

NDI In sharp contrast to South Africa, Burundi officially holds the ICC as a ‘Western tool to target African governments’. This allegation of institutional political bias is not a new one but has gained ground in recent times with nine out of ten situations being currently investigated by the office of the prosecutor being in Africa (Mali, Cote D’ Ivoire, Central African Republic, Libya, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo). Georgia is the only country outside Africa facing such an investigation. The ICC’s inability to try heads of state of any of the P5 countries or even launch preliminary investigations against them for acts of impunity has bolstered the notion of substantial unfairness and geopolitical prejudice in the†¦show more content†¦Since 1994, The Gambia has been under the rule of President Yahya Jammeh, who exercises full control over the military and those critical of government policies have been at the receiving end of state excesses. With its questionable human rights track record, including the crackdown on political opponents, The Gambia sooner than later faced the prospect of emerging as a contender for an ICC investigation (Joseph, 2016). While efforts have been made to portray the withdrawal of South Africa, Burundi and The Gambia from the ICC as a response to ingrained geopolitical prejudice against the African continent, a closer examination reveals that domestic considerations, including the possibility of imminent prosecution, play a key role in ICC pull-outs. The African continent is not a monolithic entity with many different nations appreciating the role of the ICC as a defender and a safeguard in the fight against impunity. Also, closer coordination with the ICC is viewed as a desirable value to be pursued. However, the perception of a bias against Africa is a strong one with robust justifications as well and the ball is in the ICC’s court to weed out any trace of geo-institutional prejudice which would be fatal in the struggle against global impunity (Miyandazi et al 2016). RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The international criminal court needs to show that it is open and impartial in its role in the fight against impunity in the world not only in

Analysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues - 995 Words

James Baldwin presents an emotional journey through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, the story is in medias res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story there is an ocean of emotions witnessed between these two brothers as they battle hardships from their past and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically a character in the story. The city of Harlem is where their troubles begin, the place they both try to escape. Through the setting of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† and the example of the relationship between the narrator and his younger brother, Sonny, James Baldwin presents how a dark past full of suffering can influence present lives and relationships. The sequence of events is not in chronological order since the narrator goes from the present in medias res, to past, and back to present in order to illustrate the suffering experienced by both brothers, the estranged relationship between them, and to emphasize the impact the past has on the present. Beginning in medias res, Sonny is sentenced to prison for drug abuse. The narrator and Sonny are not close because he has not been listening to understand Sonny until he suffers the loss of his daughter and has some of his own suffering to deal with. He expresses his grief by saying, â€Å"I was sitting in the living room in the dark, by myself, and IShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 916 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† tells the tale of two African-American brothers trying to survive in 1950s America. Both struggle with darkness in their lives, from drugs to bottling up emotions. The following sources were f ound Literature Research Center’s website. Each of the four sources will be evaluated for the quality of their information, as well as their usefulness on the topic of darkness in â€Å" â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Flibbert, Joseph. Sonny s Blues: Overview. Reference Guide to ShortRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 933 Words   |  4 Pagesstory. Blues is a genre of music that is often used to express a sad mood. The contradictory lives of the two brothers contribute to the theme of being safe and take risks. In this story, James Baldwin writes about two brothers who were raised together. As time passed, they separated from one another and lived completely different lives. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin addresses the themes of finding comfort in music, dangers of addiction and the suffering of two brothers. First, Baldwin uses theRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1578 Words   |  7 PagesJames Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† was a great tale of the struggles shared between two brothers in Harlem in 1957. This story is about two African American brothers who, unfortunately, grew apart as the aged. The plot shows the struggles the two brothers faced as they grew up in Harlem, and in return, the two drastically different paths they perused. James Baldwin was an African American who grew up in Harlem in the 1930s and 40s. Baldwin was the oldest of nine children, and grew upRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesSeveral dialectics are at play in James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† including a dialectic between the narrator and his beloved brother Sonny involving their opposing responses to the sense of oppression and limitation that arises from living in Har lem. This dialectic and its resolution closely parallel Baldwin’s masterful use of Blues, Jazz, and Gospel music. We follow the narrator and his brother Sonny as they traverse the complexities of their individual and interconnected Harlem livesRead MoreAnalysis Of Sonny s Blue By James Baldwin Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin is a story about two brothers who grew up in poverty. One brother went on to become a teacher, while the other pursued his dreams to become a musician and finds himself in prison due to drug use. The story begins with the narrator finding out about Sonny’s arrest. It’s easy to see his shock and almost disbelief. It takes the narrator a while to write to Sonny, but eventually he does, and they regain communication with one another after over a year of silence. Sonny is releasedRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1366 Words   |  6 Pagesand dark ultimately guides Sonny and the narrator in their journey to overcome their internal struggles. In the short story Sonny’s Blues, James Baldwin uses darkness and light to show struggles and, transformation as both brothers teeter between the different shades of the blues, using music as a way to bring them both to redemption. Often times, when light is used in stories, readers can very easily relate the idea to happiness and following the right path. Baldwin uses light to illustrate whatRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesntroduction: James Baldwin, author of Sonny s Blues, once said, I grew up with music...much more than with any other language. In a way, the music I grew up with saved my life (Session 3 Inquiry: Rudolfo Anaya and James Baldwin, 2015).   Blues becomes Sonny s drug and his addiction to it his salvation.       Even though the adults refrain from lamenting their sufferings directly to the children and telling them about the darkness, the child-narrator still intimates its marks in their facesRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Sonny s Blue `` By James Baldwin1474 Words   |  6 Pages Music can be the lead to freedom from darkness. The story â€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin takes places in Harlem around the 1950’s. The story is about two brothers. One of the brothers is the narrator of the story whose name is unknown. The narrator tells the story of the struggles in Harlem but mainly the struggles of his brother with drugs, and his passion for jazz music. Through out the story the narrator avoids giving a sense of his own struggles with himself. However, in the end the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny Blues 1753 Words   |  8 Pagesiniquity, gloom, or without light. In the short novel Sonny Blues by James Baldwin, the word â€Å"darkness† ap peared frequently throughout the reading. I think the significance of darkness of this particular situation of this book that Baldwin is trying to present is fear and suffering. It shows how the characters are in the state of panic and fear, of the situation they are in and all the sufferings they have to go through. Connecting the Baldwin to the novel, Harlem; where the story takes place isRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1292 Words   |  6 Pages James Baldwin was raised in poverty in Harlem where, at the age of fourteen, he became a preacher in the Fireside Pentecostal Church. After high school he decided to become a writer and with the help of the black American expatriate writer Richard Wright, won a grant that enabled him to move to Paris, where he lived most of his remaining years. He wrote a variety of novels mostly about the intellectual trials of black men in a white, racist society and homosexual themes. James Baldwin wrote â€Å"Sonny’s

Essay Ford Motor Company Memo - 2066 Words

Memo To:Retire at Age Fifty Fund (RAFF) From: Penelope Magouliotis, Jeffery Childs, Marcus Eggleston, Syed AzeemDate:February 15, 2014 Subject:Ford’s Shareholder Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) Evaluation Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is an American automaker, it is the worlds fifth largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sales. Its headquarters are based in Dearborn, Michigan, which is a suburb in Detroit. Henry Ford founded Ford Motor Company on June 16, 1903 and it became one of the largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the Great Depression. Ford Company is the largest family-controlled company in the world; it has been in continuous family power for over 110†¦show more content†¦GM has just over one year’s worth. DC currently has negative free cash flows because of high capital expenditures, so it has negative Cash to Free Cash Flow ratio. Based on all this Ford has a good amount of cash. What are Ford’s primary sources of cash? Why did Ford choose to accumulate so much cash? Ford’s primary resource of cash is issuing stock to shareholders. By having class A and class B shares, Ford is able to have control of the corporation in the family. They have increased given the shareholders a confidence by increasing their dividends as well. Ford need to accumulate cash because the automotive industry easily once projects start to fail. A prime example would be its failure of the car Edsel, which marked as one of the greatest flops in the world of business history. Provide an overview of Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) by briefly discussing the aspects below. Explain what shareholders would receive in exchange for (a) old common shares, (b) old class B shares, and (c) old shares held in the employee saving plan. Explain how dividends and taxations will be applied to VEP. The VEP is basically a plan for investors to capitalize on instead of having control over the corporation. The entire reason behind this plan is so that the Ford family does not loose any control over the corporation, yet still have good financial backing from its investors. For class A shareholders, the VEP shareholders would exchange theirShow MoreRelatedRegulatory Oversight And Recall Of President Lyndon B. Johnson Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pageshigh-profile hearings on automobile safety in 1965. In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed both the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act into law. The two bills gave the federal government authority to set and enforce safety standards for vehicles and roads. The NTMVSA was the first legislation mandating federal safety standards for motor vehicles. Although the safety standards in the NTMVSA were watered down in response to industry lobbyists, it required importantRead MoreFord Swot1259 Words   |  6 PagesMemo To: Alan Mulally From: Travis Harper Date: March 6, 2012 Re: SWOT and Value Chain Analysis The purpose of this memo is offer the Ford management team advice and recommendations based on an internal and external analysis of the Ford Motor Company. A SWOT analysis will be conducted and the memo will outline and explain the processes involved with the analysis. A SWOT analysis will provide the decision makers of the company with information about the positive and negative aspects of bothRead MoreFederal And Non Profit Organizations1255 Words   |  6 PagesThis memo discusses the findings of federal and non-profit organizations that support public policy research in transportation, forestry, and agriculture. While many organizations provided funds for transportation, forest, and agricultural needs; many did not provide funding opportunities for organizations to conduct public policy related research. However, thirty-four non-profit organizations and two federal website provide funding opportunities for research in the areas transportation, forestryRead MoreThe Ford Motor Co mpany and the Pinto Case1300 Words   |  5 Pages It’s 1968 and the Ford Motor Company is losing ground to foreign made cars that are smaller with improved fuel efficiency. Additionally, these cars are cheaper to produce and thus easier to purchase for the already strapped American consumer. The vice-president of Ford Motors is Lee Iacocca who, tired of losing ground to the foreign competition, has devised a plan to introduce an American subcompact car that can compete for the domestic market share currently being swallowed by foreign automakersRead MoreMeasuring One s Self Worth Or The Worth Of Another Person1315 Words   |  6 Pagesto quantify. After all, there are many factors which must be calculated. In 1968, Ford Motor Company had the daunting task of attempting such calculation. This paper will analyze the scenario Ford Motors was in, and attempt to rationalize the decisions making process that was utilized in an attempt to keep â€Å"some† stakeholders content. Keywords: Ford Pinto, Self Worth, Value of Life In 1968, Ford Motor Company made a historic decision regarding the production model Pinto, which was designedRead MoreCase Study : Toyota And Ford Essay3044 Words   |  13 Pagescompany’s reputation for producing quality cars including their brand image. This paper aims to elaborate on two very well publicized auto makers and their respective crises and the critical management decisions that were made and their impact. Toyota and Ford as we all know have a very strong industry reputation as well as millions of loyal and faithful followers and owners of their vehicles; however, these two giants of the automobile industry had two of the most publicized cases in modern day historyRead MoreCase Study : The Firestone Complete Auto Care1429 Words   |  6 Pageshandle any sorts of problems. Manufacturer companies also need to be ready to communicate to the stakeholders and let them know that they are their priority. However, when a plan is not firmly established, completely ignored or do not take the responsibility for the crisis, the company can jeopardize not only their reputation, but also loose financially, the way Firestone/Bridgestone and Ford Company had to undergo. The Firestone Complete Auto Care is a company that produces and supplies pneumatic tiresRead MoreEssay on Ford/Firestone Rollover Deaths4792 Words   |  20 PagesFORD/FIRESTONE TIRE TREAD ROLLOVER DEATHS Case Details: Describe in detail the illegal/unethical behavior you will be analyzing in your case analysis. You may choose any case of interest from your text or the news. In 2001, more than 175 deaths and 700 injuries in the United States were the result of Ford Explorers rolling over after the tread separated on Firestone tires with which the Explorers had been equipped. Firestone’s Wilderness AT tires were standard with Ford Explorers in 2000. SinceRead MoreFirestone and Ford: the Tire Tread Separation Tragedy5367 Words   |  22 PagesCase 30 Firestone and Ford: The Tire Tread Separation Tragedy I t is often tricky to know when an ethical or social issue really begins. Does it begin before it is â€Å"recognized† or â€Å"identified† as an issue? Does it begin when an isolated manager recognizes an incident or a trend and reports it via a memo to his superiors? Does it begin once the media get hold of information and the frenzy begins? Such questions arise in the case of the Firestone–Ford tire tread separation debacle that began dominatingRead MoreEvolution of Cars from 1970s-20102898 Words   |  12 Pagesconstant remodeling and change from year to year. While there are not generally drastic changes, there are societal and cultural changes that affect the styling of the automobiles that companies produce. Beginning in the 1970 s there were drastic changes in society that completely altered the products car companies were distributing, such as the change from muscle cars to smaller fuel efficient economy cars. As time progressed the evolution of popular cars such as the station wagon, minivan, and

Narrative on Culture Free Essays

Culture Crossing Do you ever look at a complete stranger and immediately categorize that person? I will be the first to admit that I have done so more than I would care to acknowledge. I was definitely raised to look down upon people, especially the Jewish, in spite of what my parents will tell you. Although I was never actually told not to like or associate with a Jewish person, the adults in my family made it known that it was unacceptable by saying unpleasant things about them. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative on Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now I heard the jewish would come to nice neighborhoods, take them over, and ruin them. I also heard that they killed Jesus. It was inevitable that I too would see Jewish people as inferior to me. With all the bad things I heard, it only seemed natural. I thought Jewish people were arrogant, greedy, conniving, and uneducated. I thought they should leave our country because their religion and cultural beliefs were un-American. From the time I was a little girl through my early twenties I looked down upon Jewish people until I met Joel one day while I was working. It was a typical Friday at the Department of Motor Vehicles. It was fifteen minutes until closing time and the place was packed. I was about to call my next customer when a short man dressed in black and white from head to toe with long chin-brushing curls as sideburns wearing a black hat approached my window. He was a Hasidic Jew and I was not happy. I acknowledged him. â€Å"Yes? † â€Å"Are you going to call this ticket number? † â€Å"Nope. Have a seat,† I said annoyed. â€Å"I’m sorry to have bothered you. † As he was sitting back down I noticed the ticket number he had in his hands. It was a dealer ticket. We stop calling dealers at 4:30 p. m because it’s time consuming. I was contemplating if I was going to tell him this or let him find out the hard way. There was a big sign by the ticket machine that clearly states that we don’t accept dealer paperwork after 4:30 p. m. Some of my coworkers noticed him and started making fun of his clothes, yiddish accent and, stupidity for not reading the sign. Although I tended to agree with them, I decided to be nice and help this man because I was sick and tired of hearing my coworkers ridiculing him. He was, after all, in hearing distance. I motioned the Hasidic man up to my window with my index finger. Sir, I normally would not help you because we don’t accept dealers after 4:30 p. m but, I see you only have one deal so I will help you just this one time. † He smiled from ear to ear and thanked me. I knew from experience that Hasidic men are not allowed to touch an object at the same time as someone from the opposite sex so, I was very surprised when he handed me the papers through the bars rather than sliding them underneath the window barrier. I didn’t know what to do. Should I let the papers fall to the desk? I did not want to be impolite so I took the papers from him. After looking at his papers I soon realized that I would be unable to process the transaction and I delivered the bad news to him. Expecting the worst, I was ready for the hostile reply I usually get from anyone I give unpleasant news to. Instead, he was polite and humble. He thanked me over and over for taking him. I was pleasantly surprised and smiled. I told him the additional papers he needed and even wished him a good evening. He was walking away when he turned and asked, â€Å"What is your name? † â€Å"Ann† I suspiciously replied. â€Å"My name is Joel. Have a great weekend Ann! I will see you first thing on Monday,† he said cheerfully as he walked towards the door. I wondered what was wrong with him. I had never came across a Hasidic man like him. As the metal gates lifted to the D. M. V entrance Monday morning, I noticed Joel was the first in line. He waved. Oh, geez. That was weird. My coworkers took notice of him and started to tease me. â€Å"Look, there’s Annie’s special friend,† said one. â€Å"Annie’s curly locks is here,† snorted another. I chose to ignore their snide remarks and called him up to my window. â€Å"Good Morning Ann! How was your weekend? † Joel asked. He placed a small tin of cookies on the counter. â€Å"These are for you. They are from my brother’s bakery in Brooklyn,† he joyfully said as he slid the tin underneath the window bars. I told him that I couldn’t accept them and thanked him. â€Å"You have kids? Yes? Please take them home to your children then,† he insisted. I took the cookies and hid them in my desk draw. â€Å"Thank you Joel, that was very kind of you. My children will love the cookies. † I hoped no one noticed the exchange. I did not want to be teased my coworkers. While editing and processing his paperwork, Joel started telling me jokes. They were funny but I didn’t dare laugh because they were about the Jewish. â€Å"Not all Hasidic’s are extremists, Ann,† he laughed. I didn’t know how to respond. I never met a Hasidic man that was as friendly and talkative as Joel. I wondered if he was from Kiryas Joel, the village within the town of Monroe where it’s residents strictly observe the Torah and its commandments. If he is, I’m thinking he shouldn’t be talking to me like this. Hasidic men are proscribed from associating with woman who are not their wives or relatives. What if another Hasidic witnessed him talking to me? Joel, do you live in Kiryas Joel? † I shyly asked. â€Å"Yes, I do. Why do you ask? † â€Å"Um, can’t you get in trouble for talking to me? † I had a hard time getting the words out. I was embarrassed. â€Å"I have many rules but it doesn’t mean that I follow them to a T? † I was intrigued. I knew little about Hasid ism. I determined this would be an excellent opportunity to learn. â€Å"Would you mind if I asked you questions about your religion? † I quietly asked. Joel gave me permission to ask him anything. As time went on, I called him right up to my window. None of my coworkers wanted to help him anyway and, I looked forward to our conversations. I asked him questions about everything from having sex through a hole in the sheet to having a holiday that they are ordered to get drunk. Joel eagerly shared his experiences in detail leaving nothing out. He explained holidays, the importance of tradition, and beliefs. I learned the life of a Hasidic from birth through marriage. Joel educated me on why they dress all in black, what kind of education they receive, gender roles, acceptable entertainment, and any other aspect that I thought to ask him about. He explained the discipline involved to abstain mainstream American culture. When he spoke about his arranged marriage, I began to understand and respect the idea behind it. It did seem safer in the big picture because partners were picked that were good for a lifetime not short infatuations. I was amazed how open-minded I was becoming. I had gained respect for his religion and became quite fond of Joel. I saw him as a whole person rather than the Hasidic Jew I once seen. My religious and cultural upbringing fostered my ignorance. I grew up feeling superior to people outside my culture and religion because I simply didn’t know any better. Meeting Joel changed my view on culture and religion. Through sharing his traditions and beliefs, I realized that other cultures interact differently and it’s often misconceived as rudeness, anger and, foolishness. Getting to know Joel made me see that our cultural and religious beliefs didn’t make us any less or any more of a person. Based on our common humanity, I learned to respect cultural and religious diversity. How to cite Narrative on Culture, Essays

Mentor Graphics Essay Example For Students

Mentor Graphics Essay To complete all aspects of the exercise regarding D type flip-flop, TTL and CMOS and to familiarize us with the HDL software which is Mentor Graphics Essay. This software is capable of constructing and simulating a particular design. As for this assignment 1, we are given 4 weeks to complete the assignment. It is compulsory to attend every lab sessions as there is no alternative software to use. Only a certain limit of time is given for the use of the software and therefore designing of circuit is required to be completed before attending the lab. To give students a first-hand understanding of the EDA lab and most importantly Mentor Graphics, a powerful tool in HDL technology. This assignment allows the students to understand or rather familiarize themselves with the design flow of the EDA software and to fully explore what the software is capable and powerful to do. Lastly, to prepare the students for the next assignments which uses the similar software. Introduction D(elay) Flip-Flop (What You Have to Know First!) The D flip-flop is useful when a single data bit (1 or 0) is to be stored. An additional inverter to the S-R flip-flop at the R input creates a D flip-flop. The D flip-flop shown below is a modification of the clocked SR flip-flop. The D input goes directly into the S input and the complement of the D input goes to the R input. If there is a HIGH on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop SETs and stores a 1. If there is a LOW on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop RESETs and stores a 0. The truth table below summarizes the operations of the positive edge-triggered D flip-flop. As before, the negative edge-triggered flip-flop works the same except that the falling edge of the clock pulse is the triggering edge. InputsD CP(CLK)OutputsQ QComments 1 1 0SET (stores 1) 0 0 1RESET (stores a 0) The circuit of a D Type flip-flop has already been given to us. We are required to construct the given circuit using Design Architect ( DA). The constructed circuit is shown in figure 1 printed out using the lab printer. Next, a symbol of the circuit is created using DA from the menu Miscellaneous followed by Generate Symbol. The created symbol is than modified. The modified symbol is shown in figure 2. Next, Quicksim is activated mainly to invoke forces on the constructed circuit and to Trace as well as to analyze the output of the circuit through waveforms. The saved file of the constructed circuit using DA is opened in Quicksim. Firstly, the function TRACE is used to trace PRE, CLR, CLK, D, Q, QB. After this a Trace box will appear at bottom lower left of the screen. This is where the simulated waveforms will apprear. Forces is then added to each of the traced components except for Q and QB. After forcing the components with the required values, type RUN 800. The waveforms will appear exactly the same as the required waveforms printed out in figure 3. (please note that the traced components are included in the waveform results) As we can see clearly in figure 3, the inputs of D are copied straight to the output Q. Transitions occurs at every positive-edge of the clock. Therefore the waveforms agree with the specification mentioned above. Next, an experiment is done by changing the PRE and CLR to low. Theoretically, an illegal output would happen. The traced output with the above configuration is printed in figure 4. We can see that when both PRE and CLR are low resulting the output of Q and QB to be high. QB is defined to be the opposite of Q. However this happens ( both are High) due to the fact that both PRE and CLR are set to low. Therefore it is said that the output gives an illegal operation. This is because PRE and CLK cannot be set to low at the same time. .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e , .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .postImageUrl , .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e , .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e:hover , .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e:visited , .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e:active { border:0!important; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e:active , .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6d3a949ad91ca29dbbabcc30569ab3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AUSCHWITZ THE NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP Essay PRE has to be HIGH to give an output. The next operation done to the D flip-flop is to analyze the output when the CLK and input D changes simultaneously. We do this by adding force to the CLK and .

Banking Scenario in Bangladesh Essay Example

Banking Scenario in Bangladesh Essay Example Banking Scenario in Bangladesh Essay Banking Scenario in Bangladesh Essay Rahmanir Rahim An Empirical Study of Performance of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh with special reference to Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd By Shah Abdul Hannan, Former Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh and M. Fariduddin Ahmad Deputy Executive President Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited ________________________________________________ SECTION – I Banking Scenario in Bangladesh When Bangladesh came into existence on the 16th December, 1971, the banking sector of Bangladesh was in a total disarray. With the exception of two local banks incorporated in then East Pakistan, all the bigger local banks became inoperational.. Starting with such a humble   condition, the Banking Sector of Bangladesh has grown to a great extent. At present there are 49 Banks in Bangladesh. The structure of Banking in Bangladesh is as under: 1. Nationalized Commercial Banks 4 2. Specialized Banks 5 3. Private Sector Commercial Banks : a) Conventional Banks25 b) Islamic Banks 5 4. Foreign Commercial Banks a) Conventional Banks 9 b) Islamic Banks 1 Total49 - SECTION – II Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh In August 1974, Bangladesh signed the Charter of Islamic Development Bank and committed itself to reorganize its economic and financial system as per Islamic Shariah. In January 1981, the then President of People’s Republic of Bangladesh while addressing the 3rd Islamic Summit Conference held at Makkah and Taif suggested, â€Å"The Islamic countries should develop a separate banki ng system of their own in order to facilitate their trade and commerce. This statement of the President indicated favourable attitude of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh towards establishing Islamic banks and financial institutions in the country. Earlier in November 1980, Bangladesh Bank, the country’s Central Bank, sent a representative to study the working of several Islamic banks abroad. In November 1982, a delegation of IDB visited Bangladesh and showed keen interest to participate in establishing a joint venture Islamic Bank in the private sector. They found a lot of work had already been done and Islamic banking was in a ready form for immediate introduction. Two professional bodies Islamic Economics Research Bureau (IERB) and Bangladesh Islamic Bankers Association (BIBA) made significant contributions towards introduction of Islamic banking in the country. They came forward to provide training on Islamic banking to top bankers and economists to fill-up the vacuum of leadership for the future Islamic banks n Bangladesh. They also held seminars, symposia and workshops on Islamic economics and banking throughout the country to mobilise public opinion in favour of Islamic banking. Their professional activities were reinforced by a number of Muslim entrepreneurs working under the aegis of then Muslim Businessmen Society (now reorganised as Industrialist Businessmen Association). The body concentrated mainly in mobilising equity capital for the emerging Islamic bank. At last, the long drawn struggle to establish an Islamic bank in Bangladesh became a reality and Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited was established on 30th March, 1983 in which 19 Bangladeshi national, 4 Bangladeshi institutions and 11 banks, financial institutions and government bodies of the Middle East and Europe including IDB and two eminent personalities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia joined hands to make the dream a reality. Later, other 5 Islamic Banks were established in the country. 7 conventional banks have so far established Islamic Banking branches in some major cities. SECTION – III Comparative Position of Islamic Banking and Conventional Banking in Bangladesh. Deposits: Total deposits of the Banking Sector of Bangladesh stood at Taka 1,415,877 million as on 30. 06. 2005 of which Islamic Bank mobilized deposit to the tune of Taka 3031897 million i. e. their share in total deposits of the Banking system is 11. 98%. A detail analysis of deposits of all Banks vis-a-vis deposits of Islamic Banks by Type of Accounts is given in the following Table: Table – I Deposits distributed by Types of Accounts Amount in Million Taka (US $ 1=Taka 67. 50) |Sl. No. |Types of Accounts |All Banks |Islamic Banks |Share of Islamic banks (%) | | | |Nos. of Accounts |Amount | | | |Nos. of Accounts |% of total | | | |Nos. f Accounts | | |a) Long Term |91,664 |1. 11 | | |Project Finance | | | | |Amount |% of total |Amount |% of total | | |Urban |999,742 |89. 8 |152,146 |97. 27 |15. 22 | |Rural |117,579 |10. 52 |4,264 |2. 73 |3. 63 | | Total |1,117,321 |100 |156,410 |100 | | [pic] [pic] Islamic Banks All Banks Advances classified by Geographical Areas The Islamic Banks In Bangladesh could not yet make much headway in providing finance to rural areas as their operations are still limited to urban areas. The Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited, the first established Islamic Bank in Bangladesh, has reached to 4560 villages (out of 68,000 villages) of the country through their 101 branches and have so far provided finance amounting to Taka 4362 million to 164,116 rural poors, the recovery rate of which is 99%. Section – IV Operations of Islamic Banking in Conventional Banks In Bangladesh 6 conventional Banks namely, Prime Bank Limited, Dhaka Bank Limited, City Bank Limited, Premier Bank Limited, South East Bank Limited, Jamuna Bank Limited have taken the initiative of providing Islamic banking facilities within their existing set-up. They have established full-fledged Islamic branches and mobilized substantial amount of deposit, making investment and providing all types of banking services under Islamic modes. A Bank namely ‘Exim Bank’ was incorporated in 2002 as a conventional Bank but subsequently converted to an Islamic Bank. More conventional Banks are contemplating to establish Islamic branches in the near future. The above Banks have formed Shariah Council to oversee the operations of their Islamic Branches and they are also member of the Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh. The growth trend of deposit and investment of Islamic branches of the above 6 conventional Banks is highly satisfactory. Section – V Evaluation of Performance of Islamic Banks: Tools Instruments employed. 1. 00Concept and definition of Islamic Banking: General Secretariat of the OIC defined Islamic Banking as An Islamic Bank is a financial institution whose statutes, rules and procedures expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt payment of interest on any of its operations. 6. 02Modes of Deposit: Deposits are accepted by the Islamic Banks under the following Modes: 6. 02. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Al-Wadeeah: The word Al-Wadeeah has been derived form the Arabic word Wadyun which means to keep/to deposit to give up, leave off etc. In Islamic Banking, the principle of Al-Wadeeah means, the Bank receives money from the clients for safe-custody with the condition to return the money on demand by the customer. Current Accounts are opened under this principle. Depositors authorise the Bank to use the money at Banks risk. The customer is not entitled to receive any benefit from the Bank. 6. 02. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Al-Mudarabah: The word Mudaraba has been derived from the Arabic word Darb/Darbun which means movement to earn rahmat (Munafa) of Allah. Mudaraba is a form of partnership where one of the contracting parties called the Shahib-al-Maal or the Rabb-ul-Maal (the financier) provides a specified amount of capital and acts like a sleeping or a dormant partner while the other party, called the Mudarib (entrepreneur), provides the entrepreneurship and management for currying on any venture, trade, industry or service with the objectives of earning profits. The Mudarib is in the nature of a trustee as well as an agent of the business. Profit is distributed as per preagreed ratio while the loss is entirely borne by the Shahib-al-Maal. . 02. 3Al Mudarabah deposit Products: There can be many types of Mudarabah deposit products. The following are the title of some of the Mudarabah Products so far introduced by the Islamic Banks in Bangladesh:  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Special Notice Deposit  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Savings Deposit  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Term Deposit  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Savings Bonds  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Special Savings (Pension)  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Monthly Profit Deposit Scheme  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Muhar Savings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Cash Waqf Deposit  ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudarabah Hajj Deposit. 6. 03Modes of Investment: Investment can be made by the Islamic Banks under the following Modes: However, the Islamic Banks in Bangladesh have so far introduced Bai-Murabaha, Bai-Muajjal, Bai-Salam Hire purchase under Shirkatul Meelk Modes. 6. 03. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profit Loss Sharing Mode ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shirkat/Musharaka The term refers to a financing technique adopted by Islamic Banks. It is an agreement under which the Islamic bank provides funds which are mingled with the funds of the business enterprise and others. All providers of capital are entitled to participate in the management but not necessarily required to do so. The profit is distributed among the partners in pre-determined ratios, while the loss is borne by each partner in proportion to his contribution. 6. 03. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profit sharing Loss bearing Mode: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Al-Mudarabah The word Mudaraba has been derived from the Arabic word Darb/Darbun which means movement to earn rahmat (Munafa) of Allah. Mudaraba is a form of partnership where one of the contracting points called the Shahib-al-Maal or the Rabb-ul-Maal (the financier) provides a specified amount of capital and acts like a sleeping a dormant partner while the other party, called the Mudarib (entrepreneur), provides the entrepreneurship and management for caring on any venture, trade, industry or service with the objectives of earning profits. The Mudarib is in the nature of a trustee as well as an agent of the business. Profit in distributed as per preagreed ratio while the loss is entirely borne by the Shahib-al-Maal. . 03. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Mode (Buying Selling): ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Murabaha: Literally, sale on profit. Technically, a contract of sale in which the seller declares his cost and profit. This has been adopted as a mode of financing by a number of Islamic Banks. As a financing technique, it involves a request by the client to the bank to purchase a certain item for him. The bank does that for a definite profit over the cost which is settled in advance. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Muajjal: Literally, a credit sale. Technically, a financing technique adopted by Islamic Banks. It is a contract in which the seller allows the buyer to pay the price of a commodity at a future date in a lump sum or in installments. The price fixed for the commodity in such a transaction can be the same as the spot price or higher or lower than the spot price. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Salam: This term refers to advance payment for goods which are to be delivered later. Normally, no sale can be effected unless the goods are in existence at the time of the bargain. But this type of sale forms and exception, to the general rule provided the goods are defined and the date of delivery is fixed. The objects of this type of sale are mainly tangible things but exclude gold or silver as these are regarded as monetary values. Barring these, bai-salam covers almost all things which are capable of being definitely described as to quantity, quality and workmanship. One of the conditions of this type of contract is advance payment; the parties cannot reserve their option of rescinding it but the option of revoking it on account of a defect in the subject matter is allowed. It is also applied to a mode of financing adopted by Islamic Banks. It is usually pplied in the agricultural sector where the bank advances money for various inputs to receive a share in the crop, which the bank sells in the market. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Ishtisna: Istisnaa is a sale contract by which al-sani (the seller) on the basis of the order placed by al-mustasni (the buyer) after having manufactured or otherwise acquired al-masnoo (the goods) as per specification sells the same to al-mustasni for an agre ed upon price and method of settlement whether that be in advance, by instalments or deferred to a specific time. It is a condition of Istisnaa contract that al-sani should provide either the raw material or the labour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Istijrar: Istijrar means purchasing goods from time to time in different quantities. In Islamic jurisprudence Istijrar is an agreement where a buyer purchases something from time to time; each time there is no offer or acceptance or bargain. There is one master agreement where all terms and conditions are finalized. There are two types of Istijrar:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Whereby the price is determined after all transactions of purchase are complete.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whereby the price is determined in advances but the purchase is executed from time to time. The first kind is relevant with the Islamic mode of financing. This kind is permissible with certain conditions. a. In the case where the seller discloses the price of goods at the time of each transaction; the sale becomes valid only when the buyer possess the goods. The amount is paid after all transactions have been completed. b. If the seller does not disclose each and every time to the buyer the price of the subject matter, but the contractors know that it is being sold on market value and the market value is specified and determined in such a manner that it does not vary and it does not lead to differences of the contractors. . If at the time of possession, the price of subject matter was unknown or contractors agree that whatever the price shall be, the sale will be executed. However, if there is significant difference in the market price and the agreed price, it may cause conflict. In such a case, at the time of possession, the sale will not be valid. However, at the time of settlement of the payment, the sale will be valid. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Musawamah: It refers to normal sale in which cost price is not known. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Surf: It refers to the sale of gold, silver and currency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bai-Muqayada: It refers to barter sale excluding currency sale. 6. 03. 4Rent Sharing Mode: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ijarah (Lease) The term Ijarah has been derived from the Arabic works ‘’ (Ajr) and ‘ ’ (Ujrat) which means consideration, return, wages or rent. This is really the exchange value or consideration, return, wages, rent of service of an asset. Ijarah has been defined as a contract between two parties, the Hiree and Hirer where the Hirer enjoys or reaps a specific service or benefit against a specified consideration or rent from the asset owned by the Hiree. It is a hire agreement under which a certain asset is hired out by the Hiree to a Hirer against fixed rent or rentals for a specified period. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ijarah wa iqtina (Hire Purchase): This term refers to a mode of financing adopted by Islamic Banks. It is a contract under which the Islamic Bank finances equipment, building or other facility for the client against an agreed rental together with an undertaking from the client to purchase the equipment or the facility. The rental as well as the purchase price is fixed in such a manner that the bank ets back its principal sum along with some profit which is usually determined in advance. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hire purchase under Shirkatul Melk (HPSM): Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk is a special type of contract which has been developed through practice. Actually, it is a combination of three contracts viz: Shirkat, Ijarah and Sale. Shirkat means partnership. Shirkatul Melk means share in ownership. When two or more pers ons supply equity, purchase an asset, own the same jointly, and share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion to their respective equity, the contract is called Shirkatul Melk contract. . 03. 5Production Sharing Mode: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mozarah: It is a contract in which one person agrees to Till the land of the other person in return for a part of the produce of the land. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Musaqah: A contract in which the owner of the garden shares its produce with another person in return for his services in irrigating the garden. 6. 03. 6Quard-al-Hasana: A virtuous loan. A loan with the stipulation to return the principal sum in the futurewithout any increase. 7. 00Steps in the investment operations: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Induction of the client ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Application ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Processing Appraisal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sanction ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Documentation ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disbursement ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monitorin g, End-use, Supervision Recovery 8. 00Fixation of sale price of Bai-Murabaha goods: A. Purchase price of the Goods Plus (+) B. Other expenditure incurred by the Bank in connection with the purchase, transportation and storage before sale of the goods to the client viz: i)Conveyance ii)Commission, if any, paid to agent iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cost of remittance of Fund iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transportation cost v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Insurance vi)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Godown rent ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other expenses if any. C. Total Cost Price (A+B) D. Profit Mark up E. Sale Price 8. 01Fixation of Rent under Rent Sharing Mode: 8. 01. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diminishing Balance Method: In this method the installments are not equal. Principal installment remains equal. Rent unequal i. e. calculated on t he outstanding principal. As at the initial stage principal outstanding remain higher so rent is higher which make the installment size larger. 8. 01. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equal Installment Method (Annuity Method): In this method the installments are equal. Principal Rent are unequal. Rent is calculated on the outstanding principal and the rest amount of installment is adjusted against Principal. At the initial stage principal outstanding remain higher so rent is higher anddecreased gradually. At the initial stage principal adjustment is less and increases gradually. The main difference between the Diminishing Balance Method and Annuity Method is that the Principal adjustment is not equal. As at the initial stage Principal adjustment is less the total Rent in this method is more than the Diminishing Balance Method. 8. 01.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equal Installment Method (Equal Rent Method): In this method the installments are equal. Principal Rent remain equal. Rent is calculated for the whole period of Investment considering diminishing balance of Principal equally distributed all over the repayment period. Though the total rent on the investment in this case is equal to that of Diminishi ng Balance Method but the effective R. R. is less due to opportunity loss on the calculated but not realized rent for the 1st half of the repayment period. 9. 00Nature of Shariah Lapses generally occur in Investment Operations: . 01  Ã‚   Cash facilities are allowed to the client instead of investment through buying and selling of goods. 9. 02  Ã‚   Fresh investments are allowed for adjustment of previous liability of the client without proper buying and selling of goods. 9. 03  Ã‚   Letter of authority is not obtained from the client in case of investment against Bai-Murabaha (Post Import) and Bai-Murabaha under dealership license in the name of Investment Clients. 9. 04  Ã‚   Rent/Profit is charged and recovered for the gestation period under Hire Purchase Sunder Shirkatul Melk investment. . 05  Ã‚   Pre-fixed profit is recovered in the Pre-shipment Musharaka Investment instead of actual profit. 9. 06  Ã‚   Cash Memo obtained in the name of Client instead of in the nam e of the Bank. 9. 07  Ã‚   Cash Memo is not at all obtained. 9. 08  Ã‚   Agreements are kept blank and undated. 9. 09  Ã‚   Back dated/Post Dated cash Memo is obtained. 9. 10  Ã‚   The application for Payment Order/Demand Draft/T. T. etc. is signed by the Client instead of signing the same by the Bank. 9. 11  Ã‚   The amount of disbursement does not agree with the amount of Cash Memo. 9. 2  Ã‚   Goods are received directly by the Client instead of receipt of goods first by the Bank and then by the Client. 9. 13  Ã‚   Documents of receiving goods by the Branch are not available in the Branch record: 9. 14  Ã‚   Bai-Muajjal investment is allowed in case of Stock-lot items. 10. 00 Distribution of Profit to Mudaraba Depositors: The principles of calculation and distribution of profit to Mudaraba Depositors generally followed by different Islami Banks are as under: 10. 01. Mudaraba Depositors share income derived from investment of their fund. 0. 02. Mudaraba Depositors d o not share any income derived from miscellaneous banking services where use of their fund is not involved, such as commission, exchange, service charges and other fees realised by the Bank. 10. 03. Mudaraba Deposits get priority in the matters of investment over Banks equity and other cost free funds. 10. 04. The gross income derived from investments during the accounting year is, at first, allocated to Mudaraba Deposits and Equity cost-free-funds according to their proportion in the total investment. 10. 05. The share of gross investment income of Mudaraba Deposits as worked out in terms of principle shown against serial No 10. 04 is distributed as under: a) Bank retains a preagreed portion (say 20%) as management fee for managing the investment. b) Bank retains another preagreed portion (say 15%) for off-setting investment loss or with a view to maintaining a general level of return on Mudaraba Deposits. c) The remaining portion (say 65%) is distributed to Mudaraba Depositors applying weightages. 10. 06. Let us suppose that an Islami Bank applies the following weightages to Mudaraba Deposits. ) Mudaraba Hajj Savings Deposit 110% b) Mudaraba Term Deposits36 Months100% 24 98% 12 96% 06 92% 03 88% c) Mudaraba Savings 75% d) Mudaraba Short Notice 55% 10. 07. On the basis of the above principles, let us work out the rates of profit using the information and figures given below: a) Total InvestmentTk. 1000 b) Total Investment IncomeTk. 150 c) Total fund employed i) Banks equity and Al-Wadeea h Deposits Tk. 200 ii) Mudaraba DepositsTk. 800 Tk. 1000 Therefore the share of investment income of Mudaraba Deposit will be (150 ( 1000 ( 800) Tk. 120. 00 Less: ) 20% Management Fee Tk. 24. 00 b) 15% Loss Off-setting Reserve Tk. 18. 00 Tk. 42. 00 Distributable Investment Income Tk. 78. 00 |Sl. No |Type of Mudaraba |Yearly Product |Weightage |Weighted Product |Share of | | |Deposit | | | |Distributable | | | | | | |Profit | 1. 00Foreign Trade Foreign Exchange business under Islamic Framework: Musharaka can be used for Import Financing as well. There are two types of bank charges on the letter of credit provided to the importer: 11. 01Import Financing a. Service charges for opening an LC b. Interest charged on LCs, which are not opened on full margin. Collecting service charges for this purpose is allowed, but as interest cannot be charged in any case, experts have proposed two methods for financing LCs: a. Based on Musharakah/Mudarabah. b. Based on Murabaha. 1. 01. 1Musharakah/Mud arabah: This is the best substitute for opening the LC. The Bank and the importer can make an agreement of Musharakah or Mudarabah modes before opening the LC. If the LC is being opened at zero margin then an agreement of Mudarabah can be made, in which the bank will become Rab-ul-Mall and the importer Mudarib. The bank will own the goods that are being imported and the profit will be distributed according to the agreement. If the LC is being opened with a margin then a Musharakah agreement can be made. The bank will pay the remaining amount and the goods that are being imported will be owned by both of them according to their share of investment. The bank and the importer, with their mutual consent can also include a condition in the agreement, whereby; Musharaka or Mudarabah will end after a certain time period even if the goods are not sold. In such a case, the importer will purchase the Banks share at the market price. 11. 01. 2Bai-Murabahah: At present Islamic banks are using Bai-Murabaha, to finance LC. These banks themselves import the required goods and then sell these goods to the importer on Bai-Murabahah agreement. Bai-Murabahah financing requires the bank and the importer to sign at least two agreements separately; one for the purchase of the goods, and the other for appointing the importer as the agent of the bank (agency agreement). Once these two agreements are signed, the importer can negotiate and finalize all terms and conditions with the exporter on behalf of the bank. 11. 02Export Financing: A bank plays two very important roles in Exports. It acts as a negotiating bank and charges a fee for this purpose, which is allowed in Shariah. Secondly, it provides export-financing facility to the exporters and charge interest on this service. These services are of two types: a. Pre shipment financing b. Post shipment financing As interest cannot be charged in any case, experts have proposed certain methods for financing exports. 11. 02. 1Pre Shipment Financing: Pre shipment financing needs can be fulfilled by two methods a. Musharaka/Mudarabah b. Bai-Salam The most appropriate method for financing exports is Musharakah or Mudarabah. Bank and exporter can make an agreement of Mudarabah provided that the exporter is not investing; other wise Musharakah agreement can be made. Agreement in such case will be easy, as cost and expected profit is known. The exporter will manufacture or purchase goods and the profit obtained by exporting it will be distributed between them according to the predefined ratio. A problem that can be encountered by the bank is that if the exporter is not able to deliver the goods according to the terms and conditions of the importer, then the importer can refuse to accept the goods, and in this case exporters bank will ultimately suffer. This problem can be solved by including a condition in Mudarabah or Musharakah agreement that, if exporter violates the terms and conditions of export agreement then the Bank will not be responsible for any loss which arises due to this negligence. This condition is allowed in Shariah as the Rabb-ul-mal is not responsible for any loss that arises due to the negligence of Mudarib. 11. 02. 2 Bai-Salam: Bai-Salam is being used in Islamic Banks for export financing. Banks purchases goods that are to be exported at price that is less than the price agreed between the exporter and the importer. It then exports goods at the original price and thus earns profit. Bai-Salam financing requires bank and exporter to sign at least two agreements separately, one for the purchase of goods and the other for appointing the exporter as the agent of the bank (that is agency agreement). Once these two agreement are signed, the exporter can negotiate and finanlize all the terms and conditions with the importer on behalf of the bank. Post Shipment Financing: Post shipment finance is similar to the discounting of the bill of exchange. Its alternate Shariah compliant procedure is discussed below: The exporter with the bill of exchange can appoint the bank as his agent to collect receivable on his behalf. The bank can charge a fee for this service and can provide Quard-al-Hasana to the exporter, which is equal to the amount of the bill, and the exporter will give his consent to the bank that it can keep the amount received from the bill as a payment of the loan. Here two processes are separated, and thus two agreements will be made. One will authorize the bank to collect the bill amount on his behalf as an agent, for which he will charge a particular fee. The second agreement will provide Quard-al-Hasana to the exporter, and authorize the bank for keeping the amount received through bill as a payment for Quard-al-Hasana. Section – VII National International ratings of the Pioneer Islamic Bank â€Å"Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited†. IBBLs past performances have been evaluated by Bangladesh Bank, several credit rating agencies home abroad and by the local press. International Press â€Å"In the midst of a difficult Banking system known to be plagued by high non-performing loans (NPLs), one could easily conclude that it would be difficult to find a bank that is different from norm. However, IBBL provides a refreshing change and is, thus, a pleasant surprise. Although it does not command the market share as the 4 public sector banks, IBBL, which claims to have little interference in lending from the government, has nonetheless, managed to find a niche market of its own-says the ‘BANK WATCH’ a New York based international Credit Rating Agency in its January 30, 1998 issue. â€Å"As a market leader offering banking services based on the Islamic rule of Shariah, IBBLs profitability trend has been quite impressive. The Banks ability to keep its return on asset (ROA) well above the industrys average, reflected its resilience to possible shocks in the banking system. Concerns over massive NPLs and under provisioning are common amongst local banks. But this seems well resolved in IBBL. IBBLs good performance and solid capital base have indeed provided refreshing change found within a banking system saddled and held back by huge NPLs† the above agency continued to comment in the same ssue. National Press â€Å"It is one of a few local banks according to CAMEL (Capital, Assets, Management, Earnings Liquidity) rating made by the Bangladesh Bank. It holds the highest amount of liquidity among all banks and its ability to keep return on assets at 1. 07 percent is well above the banking sectors average of 0. 33 percent†- The Financial Express, Dhaka commented in its issue of May 28,1998. The Holiday† in its 29th August, 1997 issue carried out a report under the heading â€Å"Setting a precedence of sound banking† and commented â€Å"While the countrys banking system is burdened with bad debt portfolios and also suffers from a liquidity shortage, the Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. (IBBL) has created a unique precedence by improving its reserve and deposit positions substantially, making handsome profits, and offering attractive dividends to its share holders and depositors. † IBBLs World rating As per Bankers Almanac (2006 edition) published by the Reed Business Information, Windsor Court, England, IBBLs world Rank is 1620 among 3000+ banks selected by them and country rank 5 among 49 Banks. CRISL, a Joint Venture credit rating Agency, operating in Bangladesh rated IBBL ‘ST-I’, highest grade which means highest certainty of timely payment. Short term liquidity including internal fund generation is very strong and access to alternative sources of funds is outstanding. Safety is almost like risk free government short term obligations. Success Stories of Islamic Bank Bangladesh Limited: The IBBL has many success stories of achievements. These are summarised below : One :IBBL is the pioneer institution for introduction of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh. Two :The success of IBBL has imbibed other sponsors at home and abroad to establish Islamic Banking in Bangladesh. Four national, one international Islamic banks have since been established in the country. 6 private sector traditional banks have also established several Islamic Banking branches. Several other existing traditional banks have also expressed their intention to introduce Islamic Banking. Three:IBBL has successfully mobilised deposits from a section of people who hither-to-before did not make any deposit with interest based banks. Four :The Islamic Banking products which are offered by IBBL through its 169 branches located at important centres all over the country and spontaneous acceptance of those products by the people proves the superiority of Islamic banking. Five :IBBLs market share of deposit investment and ancillary business is steadily increasing. Six :IBBL, though still a tiny bank, handles more than 10% of countrys export and import trade. Seven:Among the contemporary commercial Banks IBBLs position is first in respect of mobilisation of deposit, deployment of fund and earning profit. Eight:Investment in industrial sector occupies about 38% of IBBLs investment portfolio. This is a unique example of industrial finance by a commercial Bank. Nine:More than 2,00,000 workers are employed in the industrial projects financed by IBBL. IBBL has thus made significant contribution to solving unemployment problem of the country. Ten:Dhaka- the capital of Bangladesh being a Mega city- has acute transport problem. IBBL has joined hands with an enterprising group to introduce a fleet of Premium Bus service which has attracted the attention of all section of the people and mitigated transportation problem of the city to some extent. Eleven:IBBL has introduced several other welfare oriented investment schemes, such as Small Transport Investment Scheme, Small Business Investment Scheme, Agriculture Implements Investment Scheme, Poultry Investment Scheme, Household Durable Investment Scheme, Housing Investment Scheme etc. Twelve :IBBL launched a Rural Development Scheme for providing finance to drown trodden section of the populace an area where no other Commercial Bank has extended any finance. IBBLs mission is to reach to all 68,000 villages of the country as early as possible. Thirteen :IBBL has contributed 3000 million Taka as income tax to the Government Exchequer on its net profit over the last 22 years. Fourteen :At the initiative and drive of IBBL, several Universities in Bangladesh have introduced Courses on Islamic Banking and finance. Fifteen :IBBL has organised a good number of national and international Seminars on Islamic Banking and Economics. Importantly, IBBL sponsored a Seminar at Dhaka with a view to forming an Islamic Common Market. Sixteen :IBBL has earned reputation in the country as a corruption free Institution. Seventeen :IBBL is held in high esteem in the banking circle as a good managed bank. Eighteen :Under the leadership of IBBL, Bangladesh Association of Banks (BAB) has been formed. This is a platform to ventilate the stand-points on banking issues of the private sector banks. Nineteen :IBBL has established a foundation called ‘Islami Bank Foundation’ for carrying out social welfare activities. The foundation has taken up a number of schemes covering the whole of Bangladesh. A sum of Taka 1000 million has so far been spent in social welfare activities. Some important Schemes of the Foundation are Welfare Activities of Islami Bank Foudnation Income generating scheme The objective of this scheme is to encourage unemployed youths in nation building activities and to make them self reliant. This scheme has been taken up to train rural health workers and to fund poultry, pisci-culture, cottage industry, small trading, in addition to providing rickshaws, sewing machines etc. for income and employment generation. Educational Scheme Scholarship stipend are awarded to the poor and meritorious students under this scheme. Health Scheme This scheme has been taken up to establish child and maternity centres, charitable dispensaries, provide grants for medical treatment of the poor, install tube-wells for the supply of pure drinking water and build sanitary latrines in order to fulfill health needs of the rural people. Humanitarian Assistance Humanitarian assistance are provided to the poor, disabled persons, families affected by river erosion and for marriage of poor girls. Emergency Relief Operations Financial assistance to the people affected by natural calamities is provided under this scheme. Service Centre The Foundation has been establishing permanent service centres in coastal areas and off-shore islands to be used for the purpose of integrated social development as well as safe shelter during natural disaster. HRD Programme Under HRD programme, the foundation has established several Technical Training Centres for imparting vocational training and kindergarten Schools. Projects like mosque based income generating centres and prisoner rehabilitation projects are expected to be established in the near future. Assistance to Mosque Financial assistance for construction, extension and renovation of mosques are provided under this scheme. Sales Centre Foundation has established sales centres to encourage poor women folk for self employment and for marketing home made garments, handicrafts and other items produced by them. Islami Bank Hospital The Foundation has set up hospitals for providing modern medical treatment to all sections of the people at reasonable cost. By now, the Islami Bank Hospitals have earned good reputation in the society. Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh 1. Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions Any system, however well integrated it may be, cannot thrive exclusively on its built-in elements. It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with Islamic banking. For identifying suitable projects, Islamic banking can profitably draw the services of economists, lawyers, insurance companies, management consultants, auditors and so on. They also need research and training forums in order to prompting entrepreneurship amongst their clients. Such support services properly oriented towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh. 2. Lack of Organising Relationship with Foreign Banks Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organise their relationships with foreign banks, and more generally, how to conduct international operations. This is, of course, an issue closely related to the creation of financial instruments, which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and acceptable to interest-based banks, including foreign banks. . Long-term Financing Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government. They can not benefit from hidden costs and inputs, which elevate the level of prices by certain entrepreneurs without any justification. On the other hand, Islamic banks as financial institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance. This is because the built in security for getting back their funds, togeth er with their profits, is in the success of the project. Prospects of Islami Banking in Bangladesh Despite the above problems and shortcomings the Islamic Banks have the following further prospects to grow: a) Islamic bank investment portfolio can be diversified and extended for long term financing under Musharaka and Mudaraba. b) The clients of the Islamic Bank may be equipped with knowledge of Islamic banking through seminars and symposia. c) Islamic banks can develop unanimous Shariah Manual or guide lines for day to day consultation and clientele motivation. d) Islamic Banks can expand their network in the rural areas of Bangladesh. ) The research and development (R D) for Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance can be geared up. f) Co-operation among Islamic banks can be extended throughout the world. g) Muslim countries, who have established Islamic banks, if involve with international trade on Islamic principles, that would contribute to grow international transactions under interest-free system. This will further help developing an Islamic Common Market. h) The central ban ks of the Muslim Countries can help creation of environment for Islamic Banking with more responsibilities. ) Uniform accounting systems and standards already developed by the Accounting Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions for providing consistency in accounting treatment of various operations and products of Islamic banks may be introduced by all concerned. j) New and ‘innovative’ products can be designed for financing on Profit and Loss sharing basis.