Thoreaus philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thoreaus philosophy - Essay Example The war that took place in the year 1846-1848 has already been forgotten but somehow in some ways it was inferred as the aftermath of Uncle Sams apprehension of Manifest Destiny. The term manifest destiny was invented by a journalist and later on became a nationalist rallying cry (Mannion). Thoreau believes that the government should only impose rules that are in line with morality and it has to take into account ethical activities that will reflect a positive image on behalf of the whole country. For him, the war was unjust since its intention was to cause harm to the Mexican people (Snyder 83). On a personal note, it is never right to lead a war; in fact, it can fuel more conflict if the war gets worst. It can cause harm, not only to the soldiers, but also to the lives of the innocent people. The Mexican War is one part in history where the hunger for power is being clearly manifested. The United States determination to enter and own a territory that was never theirs is purely an immoral act. It is immoral because it is wrongful, and it is immoral because it forced people to participate in the war through the paying of taxes although their conscience tells them not to, for the reason that the government is ordering them to do so (Cummings). The main character in this situation is the government. The government that obliges all people to follow all that is written in the law. Thoreau dreams that the universal law can be applied with the individual. Moreover, he has emphasized that "government is best which governs not all" (Snyder 83). The most prominent contribution of Tho reau to world history is his stand to fight for what he thinks is right, and that is not to support the US government in its war against Mexico. Although criticized by government for his civil disobedience, Thoreau stood by his word. Men are not blinded by the reality that wars are still occurring between nations, at present. Weapons of mass destruction are still being created to destroy

Bill Gates And Steve Jobs Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates And Steve Jobs Essay Many people look at Steve Jobs and Bill Gates as two rivals. A lot of opinions can be expressed regarding these two geniuses. The two are celebrities at their own right. Their similarities and differences are emphasized probably because their contributions to the society are both important but are different relative to the other. People were divided as fan of PC and as a fan of Mac. Many people argue that one is better than the other. One type of computer-user says that one is better depending on how you use your computer. For example, gamers find it troublesome to use the Mac while other computer-users find the PC more troublesome than Mac. Although Gates is not Microsoft, as Jobs is not Apple, people commonly think of Gates when we talk of Microsoft, and of Microsoft when we talk about Gates. The same is true for Jobs and his Apple. But how do Gates and Jobs differ from each other? Both were not able to get a college diploma. Despite of that, they were able to become successful and are now household names. They created their own companies which are big companies now, and that goes to show that the two has excellent leadership and managerial skills. Perhaps, their difference lies on their personality and on how they drive their companies to suit the needs of the people. Jobs went to Reed College while Gates went to Harvard. Both Jobs and Gates were college drop-outs. After dropping out from college, Jobs got a job as a technician in a video game manufacturer, Atari. Jobs was given a break when Atari gave him the task to create a circuit board for a video game and he was able to fulfill this task with his friend Wozniak. He got a nice pay with this work. Gates first experience with computers was when he and his friends hack Computer Center Corporation (CCC) to get extra time with the computers. They were caught and were banned by the CCC but, later, CCC hired them to find bugs for their system. Although their job was only to find bugs all over the system, they use their spare time to study about the machines. Jobs did Apple while Gates created Microsoft. The Apple was the first computer to have a graphical user interface and an on-board ROM. Microsoft, as we all know, is very popular software. Both, now, are very wealthy since the day they established their companies. Jobs has CEO position of his company which is a large innovator when it comes to computers, operating systems and softwares. During the beginnings of the apple, Jobs was only a shareholder. Although he was seated as the chairman, the decision of the company was not solely his. He has once left the company to focus not on hardwares but on softwares so he built NextStep. He wanted to have a solution to some computer problems at that time. He wanted to satisfy the needs of education with computers and has once envisioned his new sets of computers to be the computers of college students. He failed on this in a way that the consumers did not want to spend for the latest technology at that time and the NeXTstep computers were really expensive. But the software really helped out programmers so he got good reviews. He, then, formed partnerships with different companies. Apple, then, was getting weaker when Jobs left it. Jobs later returned to Apple some reconsideration. Gates, meanwhile, is a major shareholder of Microsoft. He had never left Microsoft in any way. He was focused on making it big on the market and he was very successful in that. Jobs was focused on innovating. He wanted solutions to problems. He is thinking of the needs of the people when he does his creations. This is his biggest difference with Gates. Gates and Microsoft are interested on marketing. Microsoft is concern on, at least, getting at par with their competitors. If a competitor has done something brilliant, Microsoft would find its way to have a better version of that something brilliant. Gates was often criticized as being more of a businessman than a computer genius. Jobs has once said that it is hurting the computer industry that Microsoft is killing its competitors because that also kills innovation. In fairness to Gates, he gives a lot to those who are needy. He gave millions to institutions in which he believed in. They call Gates a philanthropist for all of his donations to charity. This is one thing admirable to Gates. He has not forgotten about other people. He was sensitive. He gives back what he receives. As a leader, they are both very efficient to create such big companies. They were both able to drive these two companies to success in spite of the many competitions that are coming. They were very good in analyzing the needs of the company and the market. These two individuals show that success comes from determination, right timing, and the drive to attain it. We now have MacBooks with Microsoft in it. In their TV interview, Jobs said that the competition is over between them and that it is time to think of innovations for the future. We should be thankful to these two individuals, who have changed things since their time. We may find them as competitors, but that would be fine for competitions are healthy and it has really made them strive harder to be on top. The competition between the two, if there is, has benefited us. We can expect more from these companies in the near future. Hopefully, they would come up for more things that will make everything more convenient and a solution to security problems. Work Cited: Apple Inc. 2008. Steve Jobs. Retrieved from http://www. apple. com/pr/bios/jobs. html. Brightman, Jason. 2007. After Bill Gates, Five Possible Futures for Microsoft. Retrieved from http://www. pcworld. com/businesscenter/article/147518/after_bill_gates_five_possible_futures_for_microsoft. html. Cobweb Publishing Inc. 2008. The NeXT Years: Steve Jobs Before His Triumphant Return To Apple. Retrieved from http://lowendmac. com/orchard/06/steve-jobs-next-years. html. Mirick, John. 1996. William H. Gates III Before Microsoft. Retrieved from http://ei. cs. vt. edu/~history/Gates. Mirick. html#microsoft.

Successes And Failures Of Executive Information Systems

Successes And Failures Of Executive Information Systems The Executive Information Systems (EIS) was facing a high risk of failures, these estimates 70% of the failures. Organizational psychological, technological and educational issues make the implementation of the system difficult. Although it was an EIS but there were only little users of executives and the majority of the executives never rate the EIS advantages highly. The majority users of the system are middle management level. Based on this fact, implementation success cannot be taken for granted. The failure and success of other system cannot be applied to EIS. More organizations are using EIS and their derivatives and this make the system important. But there is less additional research about EIS although the model of critical success factors (CSF) for EIS already exists 10 years. There do not have any prove that show CSFs are universal in the application in different situation. System success There are some difficulties to define system success. Based on combination suggestions from many researchers, the article researchers had chosen 5 evaluation creations and introduce with the explanations. Access : the EIS is made available and users are given access to the system The development team should make the system available for the entire user. Use : the EIS is used by the intended users If the system cannot provide any benefit to the users, the system is facing failure. The development team also needs to make sure that EIS is using by the potential users. Satisfaction : users are satisfied with the EIS The satisfaction of user is important. If the user is satisfied with the system, it means the system successful. Positive impact : the EIS has positive impact the executive and the organization If the system can bring benefits to the user then the system is success. Diffusion : the EIS tends to spread The number of users also can show the successful of EIS. When an EIS user gains impact from the system, he will promote it to other colleagues. This will increase the number of users of EIS. CSFs reviewed Based on Rocket and DeLong (1988), they had mentioned that there are 8 areas that appear to be the important factors to EIS success. Other researches prove that the factors will influence the EIS success and the researchers add on two factors that will influence the EIS success. Committed and informed executive sponsor The committee that invests time and effort in development of EIS will have more understanding about the capability and limitation of the system. Operating sponsor They need to have operating sponsor to design the details of implementation from the user side to leverage the executive sponsor. Appropriate IS staff Senior executive need a quality staff to support the IS. This can make sure that the top management can interact with supporting staffs to make the system success. Appropriate technology The acceptance of system is based on the choice of hardware and software. The specifically designed product has solved the problem of lack of hardware and software. Management of data The internal and external sources, ability to access the data are the issues in system development. Some factors will block the implementation information systems (IS) for executives. Clear link to business objectives The system must have a clear link to business objective and clear benefits in using the technology. The system must provide something that other system does not have in order to add value to the data. Management of organizational resistance The political resistance is the factor that causes failure in using system. The reason is because executive can change information and shift the power inside the company. Management of system evolution and spread This is to fulfill the users demand and identifying all the needs of user and take it into account when expend the system. Evolutionary development methodology Evolutionary development methodology find the way on how the system can give value to the executive, and keep the executive hopefully and aware of the project. Carefully defined information and system requirements Fulfill the executive need is the key of successful system. Methodology This research studied the basic EIS success model. This model shows that CSFs will influence the system success. To get the 10 CFSs, the researchers study the six Hong Kong organizational cases. The researchers used face to face interview. They used a series of personal interviews with the key person in organizational. The questionnaires include open-end questions, and all the questionnaires send out before the interview. This was to make sure all the interviewee would provide more information. There are two sets of questionnaires; company still using the system and company stop using the system. Results After the results for all six organizations were analyzed, three success cases emerged (Major railway, international airline and health care provider companies), two failed cases (Utility and shipping companies) and one unresolved case (Large University). The two failures cases are categories as true failures by the decision to terminate the EIS and deficiency of benefits derived by the firm. The unresolved case was happen where the system was actually used, but it has no met its initial expectation, only a small fraction of its functionally, the benefits were not conceive and that no future expansion plan were planned. There are ten CSFs. The first one is a committed and informed executive sponsor. In success cases, top management always ensures resources and political support, provide direction and feedback, keep constant pressure on EIS project team and communicate strong and put continuing interest to the EIS developers and data providers. In unresolved case the president applies hands off approach to manage EIS project but he ensures the resources support needed for EIS. However, the failed case never set deadlines for EIS project and faced loss on sponsorship after loss of interest and direction from top management. The second CSFs are an operating sponsor. In success cases, operating manager have commit resources and time, participate and promote and help match business needs with technological capabilities. In unresolved cases, operating manager has handling day to day issues of development and translates users needs to design team. However, in failed cases, no clear single operating sponsor role are assign so the top management operating focus cannot be communicate to users. The third CSFs are appropriate IS staff. In success cases, companies applied team approaches which include external consultants, sponsors and data providers. In unresolved cases, internal staff confronted problem after external consultant left, company not have enough competence internal staff. Companies cannot development new EIS to meet users new requirements. However, in failed cases, there are no inheritor after the departure of IS staff. Company staffs are lack experience with EIS development. External consultants are lack understanding of the executive environment. The fourth CSFs are appropriate technology. In success cases, the capability, capacity and response time of technology are pleased with users. Vendor-supplied EIS software is used and a custom-built system is developed in management. The system supports for rapid screen design and maintenance. Users are pleased with it because this system is ease to use, always updated with new user needs and it is more flexible and faster. In unresolved case, users are facing the problem with accessing the system as there are complicated and slow response time. However, in failed cases, management felt difficult to write their own software as there is no prototype provided and need a long time to build the system. The fifth CSFs are management of data. Data that produced by system is in novel format consists of hard and soft data, internal and external data which add value to existing reports. Data are timely, accurate, reliable and consistent. Manager will verify the feasibility of obtaining information before committing to incorporate into EIS. In unresolved cases, duplication of works is occurred. Data are not being updated and incomplete in system. Moreover, they do not provide external data too. In failed cases, manager unable or taken a long time to obtain information for EIS. Data are not provided on time and presented in desired formats. Duplication of works is occurred too. The sixth CSFs are clear link to business objectives. For success cases, management is able to identify the key performance indicator, focus on business opportunity and then define the benefits by using EIS. They will define the critical success factors before the commencement of EIS project. For unresolved cases, value of EIS clearly defined and linked directly to users information needs. However, in failed cases, EIS do not have clear link to business objectives as executives are undervalued the importance of EIS. In succession, they do not convey clearly the objectives and benefits of EIS to users. In the seventh CSFs, it discuss about management of organizational resistance. There are few reasons make the factors successes which are EIS developers report that organizational resistance is not significant, majority of users are willing to use the system also make the factors success, resistance is handled by education and negotiation and relief which make IT is an important tool to help staff achieve business objectives. On the other side, there are some reasons make the factors become unresolved case. First, resistance is found initially due to the unfriendly user interface and slow response time. Second, resistance is less since training is provided and the technology is enhanced. Then, the reasons make the factors fails are data providers and middle management do not cooperate with the EIS project manager. There is also no action to manage the resistance. Corporate culture is not ready for the EIS and reluctant to embrace the technology also make the factors fail. After that, in the eighth CSFs which is good management of system evolution and spread. To be success in EIS new modules or refinements and enhancements are carried out following their comments. Then, new features and functions are added to meet increasing user requirements and also they are also encouraging user participation to express their needs. The reasons of no evolution due to the inadequate human resources and EIS cannot be enhanced quickly enough to capitalize on the newfound requirements make the case become unsolved. If there is no planning for EIS spread and evolution is not made to respond to users needs make the case fails. In the ninth CSFs, it discuss about the evolutionary or prototyping approach. Without using evolution or prototyping approaching make the case become unresolved. If the user only using prototyping approach without using evolution approach then it would make the case fails. Then in the tenth CSFs, it discusses about information and system requirements are carefully defined. The factors which help to achieve the EIS succeed are defined a view of what EIS is intended to achieve, review the existing management reports, interview executives and personnel who work for executives, the design is capable of meeting the requirements of different executives, arrange on-site meeting with EIS users at each output for meeting the information requirements of each output manager, ask personnel who support management and encourage users to devote time to try the EIS prototype. For some unsolved case, the users just review the existing reports to define information requirements and not carefully defined real users needs. Then, reasons like executive cannot devote time to the EIS project, information and system cannot be clearly defined, unable to articulate information requirements, users do not have time discuss with consultants and external consultants have problems t o understand users needs because of a lack of familiarity with the business make the case fails also. Discussion The three success cases seem to manage the CSFs well but the other two cases fails to do so. A well-managed of meta-CSFs can either result in a good or bad way. However, without such CSFs, it increases the difficulty in identifying the success and failures in an EIS. It was uncertain to identify the meta-CSFs as only six cases are analyzed. However, based on the analysis, the unresolved case, even though that had well championship from executives and operating sponsors, they miss the fundamental factor. This refers to the resources of the people, financial and appropriate technology. Another factor that influenced the unresolved case is the link to business objectives. Executives have a strong orientation but limited time to search for benefits. System with clear benefits demonstrated, linked to business objectives, and has a higher user acceptance. Temporal consideration is reflected as strong sponsorship of resources before EIS is launched. Little usage is achievable if the system cannot establish clear benefits. The two failure cases provide some evidence of the critical failure factors yearning in failing the EIS, top management prefer informal personal reporting, fear of losing influence by the employees, uncooperative data provider and middle management with EIS project manager and unprepared corporate culture. Both failed organization apparently implemented the Chinese management system. The characteristic of this management is that all strategic and major personnel decision is made by the owners and direct supervision of work and personal reporting rather than formal information system. Critical failure factors are different from the CSFs clear link to business objectives and management of organization resistance. Management system weighted the peoples experiences and beliefs rather than formal written rules for the sake of the organization, may be opposed to business objectives. Strong opposition causes the failure of the IS or vice versa. Mismatch of IS with the organizations managem ent system should be differentiated from normal organization resistance to avoid fear-based culture. However, in these two failure cases, the existence of letting the system fail is higher than the success of the system. Conclusion Understanding system failure and success is important. The on-line analytical processing (OLAP) associated with the EIS trend is a way of looking beyond transactions to forces driving them. It helps organization to have accurate forecast sales to have better planning in inventory, production, advertisement expenses and product pricing. In this study, Rockart and Delongs application of the eight CSFs and the additional of two factors are confirmed. Hence, it is important to have championing, resources and system link to business objectives. Unsuccessful system may result from disagreement with management system. Organizations that translate the needed information with business goals to a good system are likely to success than solving problems with an IS. Student Expectations In this case, EIS is not function perfectly because there is limited functionality, high implementation costs, less reliable and less secure data. IS project team should give pressure to the company as they are creating and maintaining the system, to receive resources that should have been received. This means that resources will be received at the time when it is needed and not after. The encouragement by the IS staff is important after the system has been done (creating/maintaining) as they need to demonstrate the benefit in sense of it ease in accessing the system and so on. Less time is needed to produce information that is needed as time is gold to the executives. Proper and specific training shall be given by external consultants to internal IS staffs, especially when a new system was created. This is to make sure that are a backup of the system in case external consultant leave. Nowadays, there is a lot of business systems which are more useful compare with EIS. For example, International Business System (IBS), which is a leading provider of distribution management solutions. IBS focuses on industries such as automotive, electrical components, paper packaging, pharmaceutical distribution and so on.

The Blooding :: essays papers

The Blooding As centeral as the environmentalist issue is to the&lsquo blooding&rsquo is more about a boys painful search for identity. Col&rsquos search for his own identity is a bigger issue it the blooding as he is a very confused teenage boy, who is torn between the community of Cornwall and the greenies. Col was brought up being very protected by his mother. As Col was brought up his mother made sure he had the best of everything. She would knit him all his clothes, like the city children wore and this made him an outsider as the other children in Cornwall would tease him for his clothing, his mother, as she is Irish and a Catholic who goes to church. Col came from a family which was normal for the community of Cornwall. His father worked as a tree logger and in the mill, as his father had and his father had and so on. Col had been horn in hope that he would follow his family foot steps and keep the tradition in the family going, by working in the mill. Col lead a double life - with the gang and the forest. Col would go into the forest and would stay in a special which was called The Palace for hours. His grandfather has shown him this special place in the forest. This Palace was the originally place of the settlement, that Col&rsquos great grand father had been at until a land slide had landed on his great grandfather. The settlement people them moved on, to a new place, which is Cornwall. Which he had visited nearly every day. This also made Col an outsider to the rest of the kids in Cornwall. The thing that transformed Col from an outsider was when he had a fight with Scott (who was the best fighter), and he won the fight. A copper called Golden Gloves, who is the best fighter in Cornwall then asked Col if he wanted him to train him. After the fight Col was accepted by the other boys and was no longer an outsider but a friend on the other kids in Cornwall. Then the greenies arrived to Cornwall, challenging the mills and the logging of the forest. Col has mixed emotions towards this issue.&lsquo Anyway I thought the old was right about the greenies, but I secretly agreed with the greenies about the trees&rsquo. (p.7) This quote shows how Col is confused about what he thinks and wants to think what other people do, but he know that he thinks differently. Col does not want to

Morality in Graham Greene’s “I Spy” Essay

As World War I raged about Europe, Great Britain took every measure available to ensure the war didn’t spread into their own backyard. Their army was doing fine fighting elsewhere in France and Germany, but as William I proved in 1066, when you invade England, it’s not the English that win. Britons lived in constant fear of a takeover by the German â€Å"huns,† and this fear inspired Graham Greene to comment on morality in man in his short story, â€Å"I Spy.† Greene explains, through the conflict that his protagonists suffer, that sometimes society’s morals are artificially removed, for example in a time of war in which the object is to kill as many people as possible that aren’t on your side. In these situations, people have to make their own decisions about morality and right and wrong, and this absolutely terrifies them. This is shown in â€Å"I Spy† through the characters, imagery, and setting in the story. The main character in â€Å"I Spy† is Charlie Stowe, a twelve year old boy living in England. Charlie is teased by boys at school about never having smoked a cigarette, so one night sneaks downstairs to his father’s tobacconist shop to have one. He knows this is not only wrong but illegal, but does it anyways to try to mitigate his schoolmates’ ridicule. Since Charlie knows he is doing wrong, throughout the story he has an overbearing fear of being caught. Apparently for Charlie, however, the consequences of being caught stealing cigarettes are less than the consequences of not smoking at all, so he goes through with his plan. The other main character in the story is Charlie’s father who owns the shop. He is described as an ‘unreal wraith,’ not loved by his son. As the story progresses, it becomes evident that Mr. Stowe has been taken into custody for being a spy, and is being brought to the shop to get his coat before he is led, presumably, to trial and execution. It is not clear whether Mr. Stowe became a spy because he was a tobacconist (specializing in imports from Turkey, a WW-I ally of Germany), or whether he became a tobacconist because he was a spy (providing a common gathering place, making it easy to pass information or items back and forth). It is clear, however, from Charlie’s memories of his father fortifying himself with proverbs and muttering to himself, that he may not have wanted to hold his traitorous occupation. Both Charlie’s and his father’s society’s morals have been removed, Charlie’s by his schoolmates  and Mr. Stowe, probably, by German spies coercing him to join their ranks. Both of them know they are doing wrong and, though they display their fear differently, are frightened non etheless about what might happen if they don’t do their respective tasks. The imagery in â€Å"I Spy† also helps show the central idea of fear. Throughout the story, light is represented as a danger of being caught, and each time Charlie shies away from the light. The candle in his mother’s room, the spotlights sweeping the windows of the shop, and the policeman’s flashlight all provide threats to Charlie’s mission of stealing a cigarette. In addition, the nature of the shop itself lends itself to intrigue and fear. The phrase â€Å"smoke-filled room† traditionally stirs feelings of clandestine deals and surreptitious secrets, and this room is no different. The apprehension is almost as visible as the smoke in this room of shadowy transactions. Imagery, in addition to showing lack of morals, contrasts it by showing pillars of morality and fortitude, the two agents accompanying Mr. Stowe. With their identical suits, bowlers, and mackintoshes, these government agents, presumably from the British MI-5, represent those that d o not have to make decisions for themselves and have their code of morality laid before them. Finally, the setting of â€Å"I Spy† does a great deal to support the central idea of having to choose ones moral decisions. This is Great Britain in the early twentieth century, when the last remnants of the British Empire are being swept away and global warfare is everyone’s biggest fear. Britain is also coming off its â€Å"jingoism† (meaning incredibly nationalistic) policy, meaning that there are a great deal of ardent patriots living in the area. Charlie’s mother is one of these, having nothing but good to say about the queen, and nothing but bad to say about the Germans. Charlie’s father also validates the patriotism, saying that once the neighbors find out he is a spy, they will tear down the tobacconists shop. These neighbors would normally not band together to do such a violent act, but for the time. They are used to hearing that everything related to Britain is perfect, and everything related to Germany should be destroyed, and will act accordingly. The story takes place in a coastal town, so spotlights are continually sweeping across  the sea looking for German boats, and across the skies looking for enemy dirigibles. These lights serve a dual purpose, however, and subconsciously remind the population that even they can be watched. This may lead to conflict within ordinary people, who may always worry whether their actions are â€Å"good† or â€Å"good for the state† or could be interpreted as conflicting with the interests of Britain. It is evident that these lights, built to protect, can also strike fear into the hearts of people struggling to make their everyday moral decisions. There will always be instances in which definite morality is suspended or removed. People will always be forced to make up their own set of morals and abide by them, and they will always be fearful that their set of morals is wrong. The differences that arise among people is how they act on these fears and code of morals. Charlie and his father both experienced the fear of being discovered in the wrong. They also both experienced the despair at knowing there is no other choice but the action they are taking. In reality, however, both Charlie and his father took the easy way out in dealing with their problems. Charlie could have simply stood up to his tormenters and defended his right not to smoke, and Mr. Stowes could have refused to become a spy for Germany. Both of these responses could have resulted in serious personal injury, but it should have been a small price to pay for keeping one’s honor.

Beware of Wielding Unwieldy Jargon

Beware of Wielding Unwieldy Jargon Beware of Wielding Unwieldy Jargon Beware of Wielding Unwieldy Jargon By Mark Nichol This post pertains to the pitfalls of employing jargon to convey ideas without considering that colorful usage may confound instead of convey. I once edited a book that referred to â€Å"dual-wielding pistols,† a reference to the trademark weapons of a movie character: a brace of flintlock pistols. Mentally shaking my head in mild consternation, I revised what I considered an exceedingly awkward and misleading effort to express that the character routinely fought with both guns at once- a dynamic image commonly seen in action films, but one that depicts a strategy seldom employed in real life. As it turns out (meaning, I did some research), the phrase is valid, but not as the author employed it. Websites and publications devoted to firearms sometimes refer to dual-wielding handguns- but with dual-wielding operating as a phrasal verb, not a phrasal adjective. One can use the phrase to refer to the action of firing two handguns at once (â€Å"Is dual-wielding pistols practical?†). However, because no firearms are specifically designed to be used in parallel- presumably (meaning, my research didn’t turn up any such weaponry), there is no such thing as dual-wielding pistols- there is no reason for such phrasing. Therefore, though the phrase exists, it was not correct as employed. And even if it had been used as a phrasal verb, although any reasonably intelligent reader could be expected to understand the phrase, because it is jargon, it would be more courteous to all readers to simply write something like â€Å"wielding two pistols at once.† The lesson for writers is, one can be clear, concise, or both, but if you must choose between clear and concise, be clear. Speaking of phrasal adjectives, one hallmark of jargon is to omit hyphenation in some such phrases, as they are understood to be terms of art (words or phrases understood by a certain readership and not requiring explanation or the hand-holding treatment hyphenation provides). Therefore, although the phrasal adjective in, for example, â€Å"data-governance initiatives† would generally be hyphenated in lay publications to clarify that the reference is to initiatives regarding governance of data, not governance initiatives pertaining to data, publishers of content intended for readers familiar with the concept might consider the helpful hyphen superfluous. (For clarity and consistency, such publishers should codify this style in a manual accessible- and familiar- to a publications writers and editors.) In publications intended for the general public, however, dictionary usage should guide writers and editors in treatment of phrasal adjectives. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?Connotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleTitled versus Entitled

Effects of web on business essays

Effects of web on business essays The Internet will greatly alter the structure and operation of all industries. For the management of any existing business the central question is not whether the Internet will be relevant to your business, but rather what will we need to do to profit from that change ( The Internet ). The Internet is evolving many aspects of business and it creates many new business opportunities. It is developing what is called the New Business Environment, because it changes the way products are developed, distributed, marketed, sold, and serviced ( Business on the ). In theory, doing business over the Internet with consumers should be ideal however, many people are not comfortable with it yet. It will take a little while before most people are completely at ease and order products. First off, the Internet will provide many capabilities that will be very beneficial to a business. Some of the benefits include E-mail, Mailing Lists, UseNet, Telnet, FTP, Gopher, and of course the World Wide Web. All of these are a way to keep you informed and in touch with business associates and customers anywhere in the world ( What can the ). With an Intranet in place youve got an infrastructure for group applications, you dont need to install software on everyones PC, they can just use their Web browser and while the main costs are in employee time, the cost of software has dropped significantly The effects of the Internet will take a decade or more to generally replace existing patterns of business. The Internet and its strategic impact are not technological issues, they are business ones ( The Internet ). Executives are likely to carry responsibility for whether their organization ultimately prospers or perishes in an Internet impacted world. The particular impact will differ between industries, so you need to identify the likely form of impact it will hav ...

In Linda Pastans poem Ethics, the speaker recou Essays

In Linda Pastan's poem Ethics, the speaker recou Essays In Linda Pastan's poem "Ethics," the speaker recounts a moral dilemma that her teacher would ask every fall, which has been haunting her for a long time. The question was "if there were a fire in a museum / which would you save, a Rembrandt painting / or an old woman who hadn't many / years left anyhow?" and the speaker tells us through the theme that ethics and moral values can be only learned from the reflection which comes through experience and maturity. In this poem, imagery, diction, and figures of speech contribute to the development of the theme. The speaker in the poem uses images to help to support the theme. For example the statement that "sometimes the woman borrowed my grandmother's face" displays the inability of the children to relate the dilemma to themselves, something that the speaker has learned later on with time and experience. In this poem, the speaker is an old woman, and she places a high emphasis on the burden of years from which she speaks by saying "old woman, / or nearly so, myself." "I know now that woman / and painting and season are almost one / and all beyond saving by children." clearly states that the poem is not written for the amusement of children but somebody that has reached the speaker's age, thus supporting the idea of the theme that children cannot help or understand her or anybody of her age. In addition, when the speakers describes the kids in the classroom as "restless on hard chairs" and "caring little for picture or old age" we can picture them in our minds sitting, ready to leave the cl ass as soon as possible, unwilling and unable to understand the ethics dilemma or what the speaker is feeling. The choice of words of the author also contributes to the development of the theme. For example, the use of words like "drafty," "half-heartedly," and "half-imagined" give the reader the idea of how faintly the dilemma was perceived and understood by the children, thus adding to the idea that the children cannot understand the burden the speaker has upon herself. In addition, referring to a Rembrandt as just a "picture" and to the woman as "old age," we can see that these two symbols, which are very important to the speaker and to the poem, are considered trivial by the children, thus contributing to the concept that the children cannot feel what the speaker is feeling. To add to the idea of old age of the woman, and to define the point of view more clearly, the speaker uses "old woman" a number of times. The speaker uses the metaphors "The colors / within this frame are darker than autumn, / darker even than winter" and "the browns of earth, / though earth's most radiant elements burn / through the canvas." to give us the impression that the painting is not just a simple drawing, but it is something alive, something connected to the earth which is worth saving, thus putting it at the same level of the old woman, and thus making the dilemma more balanced. In addition, the idea of a color "burning through the canvas" puts more emphasis on the painting being something supernatural, thus increasing its status in the poem to be as high as (and maybe even higher than) the old woman. Symbolism is also used at the end of the poem, when the speaker describes the color of the painting as "dark than autumn, / darker even than winter" which adds to the idea that the painting is something that represents old age and death but that is also something natural, like a season. In addition, by saying t hat "I now know that woman / and painting and season are almost one / and all beyond saving by children" the speaker implies that both the painting and the woman represent something old, wise, and decadent, and are something that ethics say we cannot and should not easily give up, but children are not able to understand that, therefore they cannot save them. In conclusion, this poem is not just about a lesson of ethics learned in school by a student. Instead, this

US military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

US military - Essay Example Among the methods used in excluding them was the awarding of low salary. Fortunately, it is evident that the pay of military officers in the U.S. is not varying with gender currently. In the U.S., military is one of the areas that practices fairness in terms of promotions. â€Å"The promotion rates do not distinguish between male and female officers† (Millitary Leadership Diversity Commission, 2010 p.3). In tandem to this, recent studies show that female officers in the Navy, Air Force, as well as the marines have well above average promotions. Unfortunately, their low number in the military may make work think that women are disregarded in terms of promotions. For instance, only 6.8%, 16.4% and 19.1% consist of women in Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force respectively (Women in the Military Statistics, 2013). From this, it is evident that a small number of women get promoted to higher ranks in military. Just like men, women have also leadership positions in the military. This is evidenced by the number of female generals and admirals in the military. For instance, 69 of the 976 (7.1%) generals and admirals are women. â€Å"28 constitute female generals in the Air force, 19 in the Army, one in the Marine Corps and 21 female admirals in the Navy† (CNN Staff,

Business plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business plan - Assignment Example SolarWorld is a small scale business operating in the renewable energy industry, and the company was founded in 1999. The company is committed to the production and distribution of photovoltaic products across the major cities of the United States. The company raises most of its revenues from the sale of solar panels. The modern world is extremely aware of the threatening environmental issues like global warming and climate change, in which combustion of fossil fuels is a major contributory factor. In addition, fast depletion of non-renewable energy sources poses serious threats to the industrial world and personal lives because continuation of this trend would end up in severe energy crisis. In this context, renewable and potential energy sources like solar energy have greater scope, because they can serve the human/market needs without hurting the environmental sustainability (EPA). The products and services offered by the SolarWorld can really assist the modern world to meet its g rowing energy needs in an eco-friendly way. Currently, the SolarWorld serves the energy needs of many of the country’s local government organizations and other reputed industrial sectors like auto manufacturing. The company maintains a potential workforce which is capable of delivering uninterrupted and quality services to its clients on a regular basis. The efficient supply chain operations of the company can have the ability to create value for its customers. Evaluating in a global scenario, the US renewable energy industry has been performing well over the years. The country’s renewable energy represented 12.9 percent of the domestically generated electricity and 11.2 percent of the total power generation in 2013 (EIA). The solar industry in US employed over 143,000 people as of 2014. The firm’s target market is comprised of local government organizations, small scale industries, and households. These customer groups are really in need of energy to meet their

Globalization and Arab Spring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization and Arab Spring - Research Paper Example dared to rebel, especially because they knew that their messages and videos, uploaded to YouTube, which could be seen abroad and the worldwide media among others (Till, 2011). Consequently, the elements of globalization turned out to be decisive in inflicting a final blow to the cruel political systems prevailing in the Arab world. Social media, Mayfield (2008) asserts, could be stated as a group of new kinds of online media, which share the characteristics including participation, openness, conversation, community and connectedness, and brings the like-minded people closer to one another through its platform. Before embarking upon the topic under analysis, it would be advisable to define and discuss globalization and its impact on the Arab spring in a precise way, which is as following. The term globalization simply concentrates upon the expansion of multiculturalism in the wake of tremendous technological advancements that have paved the way towards fast communication processes bet ween the individuals and nations belonging to the pole-apart regions of the globe. In other words, globalization stands for the interconnectedness of the people at global scale through the sharing of technological equipments, corporate activities, cultural traits, social norms, political systems, religious values, traditional rituals and conventions at large. The term globalization, according to Brainpan, is not confined to few financial and industrial cooperation pacts between the nations; rather, the term refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge (Goyal, 2006:168). While expected by the political analysts one day or the other, the rebellions in Arab states were somewhat... The term globalization simply concentrates upon the expansion of multiculturalism in the wake of tremendous technological advancements that have paved the way towards fast communication processes between the individuals and nations belonging to the pole-apart regions of the globe. In other words, globalization stands for the interconnectedness of the people at global scale through the sharing of technological equipments, corporate activities, cultural traits, social norms, political systems, religious values, traditional rituals and conventions at large. The term globalization, according to Brainpan, is not confined to few financial and industrial cooperation pacts between the nations; rather, the term refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge (Goyal, 2006:168). While expected by the political analysts one day or the other, the rebellions in Arab states were somewhat horrendous for the world at large, which could not anticipate any dauntlessness move from the oppressed and suppressed subjects had been leading a miserable and pathetic life under the longstanding dictatorial regimes. Recent upheavals in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen and Libya, according to Hoover (2011), have caught many by surprise as the order of things has proven protean in a way that official experts and conventional wisdom were largely blind to.

Peer review assesment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer review assesment - Assignment Example A high quality product is a product that has been proven to retain its high quality product status for years (Cinzkota, 2007). Second, Sony Corporation focuses on selling the company’s products at reasonable prices. The strong demand for the Sony products indicate the products are sold at reasonable prices. People would normally shy away from products that are normally overpriced. A high demand for the product indicates that the average person has no objections to the current prevailing prices of the Sony products and services. Third, Sony Corporation sells its products in stores that are strategically located. Sony Corporation has retail outlets in all the countries located in American, European Union, and Asian. Each major city of the Asian, American, and European nation sells the Sony Corporation products. The customers can easily buy a Sony Corporation product by visiting the Sony Corporation retail stores within the customer’s reach. Fourth, Sony Corporation alloca tes a large budget for the promotion and advertising of the Sony Corporation products and services. The company does not spare a significant amount of money when it comes to advertising the many advantages of the Sony Corporation products and services. Advertising involves money. Advertising involves time budget. ... By selling only high quality products, a strong relationship between the current and prospective customers and Sony Corporation crop up. By selling the Sony Corporation products at reasonable prices, a strong marketing relationship between the current and prospective customers and Sony Corporation can be seen. By selling the Sony Corporation products in strategically located retail outlets, more relationships are created between the current and prospective customers and Sony Corporation. By advertising the many benefits of choosing the Sony Corporation brand over the competitors, a strong relationship between the current and prospective customers and the Sony Corporation products is crystal clear (McDonald, 2007). Both blogs show that Sony Corporation constructs integrated marketing programs that deliver superior quality. Setting up retail outlets in the United States, European Union member states, and Asia indicate the company is implementing a profitable marketing strategy. By sell ing only high quality products and services, the company is on the right track in implementing a profitable marketing program. By advertising the many benefits of buying a Sony Corporation product, Sony Corporation’s marketing strategy process is viable. By selling only high quality products, Sony Corporation’s current marketing strategy will rake in very high net profits. Both blogs show that the current Sony Corporation marketing strategy is geared towards designing of a customer driven marketing strategy (Czinkota, 1998). Selling at reasonable prices is a customer driven marketing strategy. Sony Corporation focuses on selling the Sony Corporation products at a price that the customers are willing to pay. Sony Corporation can sell the

Progressive Era through the Great Depression Essay

Progressive Era through the Great Depression - Essay Example This assignment seeks to recognize the major turning points in American history between the Progressive Era and the great depression. The assignment also analyses how some historical events shaped Americas current society, economy, politics, and culture. This task also describes the ways that women and minorities have responded to challenges and contributed to American culture. It also recognizes and discusses the ways that formal policies of the government have influenced the direction of historical and social development in the United States. The assignment also analysis the rise of the united states into a world superpower and how the acquired the status has shaped the countries internal developments in the modern epoch. It also identifies the changes in social and economic conditions and technologies have caused concurrent changes in the attitudes of the people and the policies of the government. Various major turning points occurred in the US since the progressive era. One of th e major turning points is the women’s suffrage movement. Most women advocated for the franchise for all the women and the amendment of the constitution in order to incorporate them in decision making of the country. This move provided the women with the full suffrage. The women were granted the right to vote since they were able to convince the men that they should share in the political power. Another major event that happened was the crash of the stock market in the US in October 1929. This crash later spread into the world causing a major economic slump (Goertzel, 2002). The turning point played a major role in converting the United States history on the economic, social, and political backgrounds. One major impact is that America was converted from the wartime frontier to a peaceful time frontier, which bred economic prosperity, social cohesion, and political progression. Consequently, America became the richest nation by the gross domestic product, therefore breeding the culture of consumerism. In the social aspect, there was change that was demanded so that the country can protect and empower every citizen in America. On the political background, there were new laws that were enacted in order to protect people who ordinarily did not have a voice to air. Moreover, the country of United States developed the culture of music, sports, and entertainment culture, which were in existence but needed to be revolutionized in order to incorporate modern trends. The political parties underwent through many changes at this period of reform. Prior to this, the political parties controlled most of the aspects of the political life. This resulted to political parties staying loyal to their followers, thus maintaining the unity and tradition among them (An American Turning Point, 2011). President Franklin Theodore Roosevelt came up with a new spirit of reform during the progressive era. His political philosophies were enthusiastic and aggressive, as he believed th e presidency was a political pulpit for reform. Franklin Roosevelt, before his ascendance into power believed in racial progress but retreated later on his amidst increasing faces of criticisms and his believe in African American inferiority. Some of his reforms were more business oriented such as the move by the congress that created the department of commerce and labor  with a bureau of corporations. In addition, the presidency

How Relevant Is The Rational Model of Consumer Decision-making to Essay

How Relevant Is The Rational Model of Consumer Decision-making to Marketers Today - Essay Example The author of the essay "How relevant is the rational model of consumer decision-making to marketers today?" begins with the short introduction of the rational model notion. The rational decision-making model would tend to assume that consumer characteristics are universal, meaning that buyers of products and services generally share the same set of homogeneous cognitive thinking traits by which decision-making is a practical and sensible process. For instance, a consumer opens a refrigerator, witnesses a lack of a favorite beverage and then sets about exploring options to fulfill this need. The vast volumes of marketing literature that have conducted studies on consumption behavior would tend to strongly refute this notion. In most East Asian countries, cultures are collectivist in which group opinion and group membership are substantial social values. Shukla (2010) reports that Asian consumers have recurring tendency to consume products that can enhance their social position or gai n some sort of psychological fulfillment when important reference groups applaud their product decision-making, a phenomenon known as conspicuous consumption. The energy drink, Red Bull, for instance, may be more socially acceptable in a group that is familiar with the brand name and trust in its quality over that of a lesser-known juice brand. To choose another beverage brand and then present it to the collectivist reference group could lead to social chastisement or some other dimension of criticism that would influence future repurchases. In this type of social scenario, based on collectivist values, there would be no evaluation of alternatives since the consumer has considerable experience with negative emotions stemming from the reference group opinions and would not want to repeat this social situation again. This would certainly have implications for both Red Bull and for the lesser-known beverage brand. Schiffman and Kanuk (2010) also recognise that cultural values have infl uence on consumption behaviour and even maintain a persuasion about which brands a consumer is most dedicated to. These researchers indicate that the volume of purchases a consumer maintains toward a favourite brand is influenced by how it assists in expressing social affiliation and status. Husik and Cicic (2009) call this status consumption, which is attempting to gain psychological satisfaction by exposing others in the social environment to the choice of product or service consumed. To further lend support for the influence of the cultural or social environment by suggesting an even more complicated and dynamic set of psychological characteristics that influence purchase decision-making behaviour. According to the research, people have an inherent desire to make comparisons to themselves and others in the social environment and generally want to believe they are better than everyone else (Durayappah 2010). When witnessing members of society in less-privileged life situations, it can even enhance the individual’

Peer review assesment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer review assesment - Assignment Example A high quality product is a product that has been proven to retain its high quality product status for years (Cinzkota, 2007). Second, Sony Corporation focuses on selling the company’s products at reasonable prices. The strong demand for the Sony products indicate the products are sold at reasonable prices. People would normally shy away from products that are normally overpriced. A high demand for the product indicates that the average person has no objections to the current prevailing prices of the Sony products and services. Third, Sony Corporation sells its products in stores that are strategically located. Sony Corporation has retail outlets in all the countries located in American, European Union, and Asian. Each major city of the Asian, American, and European nation sells the Sony Corporation products. The customers can easily buy a Sony Corporation product by visiting the Sony Corporation retail stores within the customer’s reach. Fourth, Sony Corporation alloca tes a large budget for the promotion and advertising of the Sony Corporation products and services. The company does not spare a significant amount of money when it comes to advertising the many advantages of the Sony Corporation products and services. Advertising involves money. Advertising involves time budget. ... By selling only high quality products, a strong relationship between the current and prospective customers and Sony Corporation crop up. By selling the Sony Corporation products at reasonable prices, a strong marketing relationship between the current and prospective customers and Sony Corporation can be seen. By selling the Sony Corporation products in strategically located retail outlets, more relationships are created between the current and prospective customers and Sony Corporation. By advertising the many benefits of choosing the Sony Corporation brand over the competitors, a strong relationship between the current and prospective customers and the Sony Corporation products is crystal clear (McDonald, 2007). Both blogs show that Sony Corporation constructs integrated marketing programs that deliver superior quality. Setting up retail outlets in the United States, European Union member states, and Asia indicate the company is implementing a profitable marketing strategy. By sell ing only high quality products and services, the company is on the right track in implementing a profitable marketing program. By advertising the many benefits of buying a Sony Corporation product, Sony Corporation’s marketing strategy process is viable. By selling only high quality products, Sony Corporation’s current marketing strategy will rake in very high net profits. Both blogs show that the current Sony Corporation marketing strategy is geared towards designing of a customer driven marketing strategy (Czinkota, 1998). Selling at reasonable prices is a customer driven marketing strategy. Sony Corporation focuses on selling the Sony Corporation products at a price that the customers are willing to pay. Sony Corporation can sell the

How Relevant Is The Rational Model of Consumer Decision-making to Essay

How Relevant Is The Rational Model of Consumer Decision-making to Marketers Today - Essay Example The author of the essay "How relevant is the rational model of consumer decision-making to marketers today?" begins with the short introduction of the rational model notion. The rational decision-making model would tend to assume that consumer characteristics are universal, meaning that buyers of products and services generally share the same set of homogeneous cognitive thinking traits by which decision-making is a practical and sensible process. For instance, a consumer opens a refrigerator, witnesses a lack of a favorite beverage and then sets about exploring options to fulfill this need. The vast volumes of marketing literature that have conducted studies on consumption behavior would tend to strongly refute this notion. In most East Asian countries, cultures are collectivist in which group opinion and group membership are substantial social values. Shukla (2010) reports that Asian consumers have recurring tendency to consume products that can enhance their social position or gai n some sort of psychological fulfillment when important reference groups applaud their product decision-making, a phenomenon known as conspicuous consumption. The energy drink, Red Bull, for instance, may be more socially acceptable in a group that is familiar with the brand name and trust in its quality over that of a lesser-known juice brand. To choose another beverage brand and then present it to the collectivist reference group could lead to social chastisement or some other dimension of criticism that would influence future repurchases. In this type of social scenario, based on collectivist values, there would be no evaluation of alternatives since the consumer has considerable experience with negative emotions stemming from the reference group opinions and would not want to repeat this social situation again. This would certainly have implications for both Red Bull and for the lesser-known beverage brand. Schiffman and Kanuk (2010) also recognise that cultural values have infl uence on consumption behaviour and even maintain a persuasion about which brands a consumer is most dedicated to. These researchers indicate that the volume of purchases a consumer maintains toward a favourite brand is influenced by how it assists in expressing social affiliation and status. Husik and Cicic (2009) call this status consumption, which is attempting to gain psychological satisfaction by exposing others in the social environment to the choice of product or service consumed. To further lend support for the influence of the cultural or social environment by suggesting an even more complicated and dynamic set of psychological characteristics that influence purchase decision-making behaviour. According to the research, people have an inherent desire to make comparisons to themselves and others in the social environment and generally want to believe they are better than everyone else (Durayappah 2010). When witnessing members of society in less-privileged life situations, it can even enhance the individual’

Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens Essay Dickens starts his story with a funeral to present a dark and gloomy theme to this Victorian society. The main character is man named Ebenezer Scrooge. Stave 1 starts off with Scrooges partner, Jacob Marley. Marley has recently passed away and Scrooge is the person who signed for his funeral. From this stave he presents Scrooges character with puns such as sole executor or sole administrator. It continues on about Scrooge and his soul and of how External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge. No warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill him. Scrooge is described as a cold and frosty man, whose heart was so black and filled with greed. The language used in Stave 1 for Scrooges character and attitude to Christmas and other people portrays him as a cold-hearted man, chilled to the very core of his heart. No room for emotion and just greed and gold instead. Dickens shows Scrooge art the start of stave two, three, four as a gradual change of heart. In the second stave Dickens introduces the reader to Scrooges sadder part of life, the part of Scrooges life which he regrets. The third stave shows Scrooge to the present and current people he is affiliated with and about ignorance and greed, shown as two pitiful children; the Ghost of Christmas Present leaves Ebenezer Scrooge and the third Ghost comes; The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. The fourth stave shows Scrooges end in life. How he fatefully dies and nobody cares for him or his grave. He learns that he can change the future and swears to do so, thus changing his greed and ignorance forever. Scrooge becomes so happy on Christmas morning of Stave 5 because he is glad he is given the chance to change. A second chance at life where he can repent from his sins of greed. He feels a sudden change of heart from his dark demise and sees the light. Dickens shows the reader the different ways that Scrooge has changed by the acts he commits in Stave 5 compared to Stave 1. He buys the biggest turkey for the Cratchit Family for their supper on Christmas, compared to Stave 1 where he didnt even bother with Tiny Tim who was waiting for his father Bob Cratchit outside Scrooges work. I think Dickens wrote this story about a man as rich and greedy as Scrooge because of the social injustice and poverty of the society Dickens had lived in, the Victorian era. He wrote this because of the causes and effects of between the two and how they correlate in the Victorian society. I think Dickens wanted to teach the Victorian people the actual meaning of Christmas and the spirit of good will that goes along with it. I also think he wanted to show the poverty and injustice in the society during that time. I think the reasons why is because Dickens felt he needed to share his pity and sorrow for the people in poverty, and their side of things and how the greedy and rich ignore the poor people without a sign of pity to them.

Cape May as a Summer Resort Town

Cape May as a Summer Resort Town Will Stevens A resort town is a town or city that relies heavily on the tourism as a main driver to its economy. Considered among the oldest resort towns in the United States, Cape May, New Jersey is situated at the southern tip of the state of New Jersey, and has provided beachgoers with a beautiful town since the mid 1700’s. Owing to its rich history as a whaling community, its role in both of the world wars, superior bird watching landscape, its recognition as a National Historic Landmark, and New Jersey’s large tourism industry, Cape May continues to enjoy success as a popular summer destination. According to The City of Cape May, the history of Cape May can be traced all the way back to the late 17th Century when the land was first settled. Its status as a beach destination began in the mid 1700’s when horse-drawn carriages arrived from Philadelphia. Over time, hotels were built and the Cape became the major beach destination for cities such as Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, and Washington. It wasn’t until 1863, however, when the railroad between Philadelphia and Cape May was completed, that families began building summer vacation homes down the shore. Several fires have engulfed Cape May, and have resulted in the towns desire to maintain a â€Å"small town† feel and not have to compete with the high rise hotels that other resort towns have. This decision is crucial to the history of Cape May architecture and is the main reason why the city is considered a National Historic Landmark. The Cape May canal, Cape May Lewis Ferry, and the Cape May Coast G uard Station have also contributed to the history of Cape May. (City of Cape May) In Philippos J. Loukissas’ journal article about the impact of regional development, he states, â€Å"An increase in connections with the outside world also is assumed to have the positive effect of introducing new ideas into the community.† This hints at the importance of the Janelle model used be economic geographers, and can be applied to this history of Cape May as well. When the railroad between Philadelphia and Cape May was finished, this only further deepened the ties between the new places, and began the construction boom of vacation homes down the shore. Alternatively, the completion of the of the Garden State Parkway and the initiation of services on the Cape May Lewis Ferry have done wonders to connect Cape May and provide greater tourist exposure. The Garden State Parkway allows easier vehicle access with connectivity to the rest of the New Jersey highway network, and the Cape May Lewis allows Delawarean residents and travellers further south to access the Cape by way of the Delaware Bay. Tourism is obviously a major component of Cape May’s history, but it is also important to understand its role in New Jersey’s economy as a whole. In 2008, tourism expenditures in New Jersey were $38.8 billion supported by over 70 million visitors. Kenneth McGill even states in his report about New Jersey tourism that, â€Å"NJ Tourism is larger than the entire GDP of 120 countries.† And that, â€Å"1 in every 9 NJ workers owes his/her job to tourism.† McGill also states that New Jersey’s tourism industry is 2.1 times more concentrated than the US average, meaning that the percentage of workers directly or indirectly employed by the tourism industry is 2.1 times greater than the average US state. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the core tourism industry is the third largest private sector in the state, supporting over 350,000 jobs. Another staggering statistic presented by McGill is that other than investments and business travel, the in-state contribution t o the total tourism expenditure is only 20%, while the out-of-state contribution is more than 3 times that, at 64%, while Diane Wieland states that over 75% of visitors to Cape May County come from out-of-state. When comparing the tourism statistics of Cape May County to those of the entire state of NJ, it is clear that the economy of Cape May is heavily reliant on the activities of the tourism industry. In McGill’s report on the tourism industry in New Jersey, it is stated that 48.1% of the entire economy of Cape May County can be attributed to the travel and tourism industry. This is the largest percentage of all counties in the state, and shows just how important the industry is to southern New Jersey. McGill and Diane Wieland confirm the importance of Cape May as a summer resort town and popular vacation home destination in their statistics. McGill shows that over 50% of rental income of the entire state comes from Cape May County alone. Wieland also shows that nearly half of all rental and 2nd home properties in all of New Jersey are located in Cape May County. In fact, according to Wieland, 47% of all residences in Cape May County are considered 2nd homes or vacation homes. (Wie land) Tourism in Cape May is not limited to just beachgoers looking for a relaxing vacation. The Delaware Bay, especially the New Jersey banks, is world-renowned locations for bird watching. In Joanna Burger’s report on the affects of tourism on the local ecology, she mentions that the Delaware Bay area benefits from its low-lying mud flats and coastal marshes that are conducive to migrating shore birds. It was not until recently, however, that experts have realized that the millions of birds that pass through the Delaware Bay are attracted there by the abundance of horseshoe crab eggs in the springtime. The city of Cape May has taken advantage of this unique characteristic and has encouraged eco tourism to the area. (Burger) My own experiences have been greatly influenced by the touristic, seasonal nature of Cape May. My grandparents first purchased a property down the shore over 30 years ago, so the beach has been a big part of my family’s lives since before I was born. We have been taking weekend trips down the shore for my entire life, and I have spent the entirety of the summer, from when school gets out until Labor Day, in Cape May for almost 10 years. Our house isn’t big by any means, but it has enough beds that most of our family can be down simultaneously, and we have regularly had about 10 people on any given weekend. I can say with confidence that my family conforms to the typical summer vacationer stereotype. My grandparents will usually head down before Memorial Day to open up the house and get everything set up for the summer. Memorial Day is the first big weekend of the summer, and we are all usually down there. My sister and I are the only two that stay with my grandparents f or the entire summer, and we enjoy seeing our parents and aunts and cousins on weekends that they come down and visit. My sister and I also contribute to some of the tourism statistics that I stated earlier. Both of us have seasonal jobs that rely completely on the summer tourism activity in Cape May. My sister is a beach tagger, collecting money for the city of Cape May for people to use the beaches, and I was a lifeguard at a local campground. Both of these jobs are only sustainable during the summer months as the population of Cape May swells. Much of mine and my family’s experiences can be explained in Reiner Jaakscon’s article called â€Å"Second Home Domestic-Tourism†. Many passages from his article relate directly to my life and experiences down the shore. â€Å"The second home offers a sense of identity at many levels, approximating in microcosm a concentric-circles model of ethnocentricity.† (Jaakson 378) This is true with many small towns, but especially true with Cape May. It is nice to be able to identify with other people who have shore homes and also spend their summers down the shore; comparing experiences through a shared commonality and lifestyle. â€Å"The very idea of a second home that is used primarily, if not exclusively, for leisure and recreation has an element of make believe.† (Jaakson 379) The fact that it is the summer means that I have no other responsibilities other than to relax and enjoy myself. Because I am not in school five days a week means that my time sp ent in Cape May is used as a sort of escape from the real world where I can go to the beach and swim in the ocean and sleep in as long as I want and enjoy the hot summer weather. Our summer home provides me with a relaxing retreat from normal life, but it also allows our family to be much closer. â€Å"The second home provides for family togetherness of a different kind from that available in the city.† (Jaakson 379) This is especially true for my family. We are a very close family anyway, all living within 15 minutes of each other at home, but the closeness of our beach house allows us to have tighter bonds. â€Å"The smaller physical space and the immediate outdoors facilitate a closer family togetherness† (Jaakson 380) These two quotes from Jaakson perfectly encapsulate the dynamics within my family. While we live close together at home, we don’t visit each other often. It is a completely different story in the summertime. My sister and I are excited to spend time with our aunts when they come down and visit, and I enjoy spending time with my cousins when they are down too. Our summer home provides a platform for all of our family to c ome together and spend time with one another. Throughout its history, Cape May has evolved from a whaling community into one of the nations oldest beach towns. Its location at the southern tip of New Jersey and its long-standing popularity with Philadelphians and other out-of-state tourists have cemented Cape May’s position as one of the most popular summer beach towns in the country. Works Cited Burger, Joanna. Landscapes, Tourism, and Conservation. Science of the Total Environment 249.1-3: 39-49. Print. Cape May History. The City of Cape May. Cape May City, 2009. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. http://www.capemaycity.com/Cit-e-Access/webpage.cfm?TID=103TPID=10704>. Jaakson, Reiner. Second-Home Domestic Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 13.3 (1986): 367-91. Print. Loukissas, Philippos J. Tourisms Regional Development Impacts a Comparative Analysis of the Greek Islands. Annals of Tourism Research 9.4 (1982): 523-41. Print. McGill, Kenneth. NJ Tourism: Holding Its Own During Difficult Times. VisitNJ.org. State of New Jersey, 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. http://www.visitnj.org/sites/visitnj.org/files/tourism-ecom-impact-2008.pdf>. Wieland, Diane. Tourism Impacts in Cape May County. Cape May County. Cape May County, 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. http://www.capemaycountygov.net/FCpdf/Tourism Impacts in Cape May County AVALON.pdf>. Wood, Ida Leigh, Jerry Tirrito, and Mariana Leckner. New Jersey Coastal Community Resilience Demonstration Project Report. NJ Sea Grant Consortium. N.p., Dec. 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Self-Damnation in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus Rex Essays

Self-Damnation in Oedipus Rex (the King)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex (the King) is a tragic tale of fate and hubris. At first glance, it seems that the terrible fates of the main characters are merely the doings of mischievous or cruel gods. That Laios should die at the hands of his unknowing son, that Jocaste should later marry that son to commit the crime of incest, and that Oedipus, the son, should be the actor in both crimes all seem to be deeds scripted unfairly by the gods for their own pleasure. However, upon examining the evidence in the play, it becomes clear not only that Laios and Jocaste directly cause their own fates by abandoning the infant Oedipus to die on the mountain, but that Oedipus is himself a willing participant in his own crimes. In choosing to abandon Oedipus upon his birth, Laios and Jocaste try to prevent the fulfillment of Apollo's prophecy: "[Laios'] down at the hands of a son, our son, to be born of our own flesh and blood" (Sophocles 201). They "fastened" the baby's ankles and "had a henchman fling him away on a barren, trackless mountain" (201). This done, the king and queen live their lives believing that they are safe from any danger that the child might pose. It is their cowardly act of attempting to escape fate that seals their doom, however. Not only do they decide to kill their only child, but they are unable to do so in a humane manner. Rather than relieve their son of any misery, they tie his ankles together and abandon him to the harsh elements of nature on a mountain. They are blissfully unaware that a shepherd has taken pity on the royal child and has delivered him to the care of King Polybos of Corinth (218). Clearly, by their self-preserving act of child-abandonment, Lai... ...renberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Herodotus.   The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt. England: Penguin Books, 1972.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Bowra, C. M.   â€Å"Sophocles’ Use of Mythology.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.

Recurrence and Resolution in Preston Sturges Film The Lady Eve :: essays papers

Recurrence and Resolution in Preston Sturges Film The Lady Eve The first scene begins with a medium shot of the lover’s usual meeting place on deck, where a cheerful and whistling Charles (Hopsie) paces up and down waiting for Jean to appear. The camera focuses on Charles pacing and whistling while diagetic sound is heard from kids playing on the deck and a bell ringing in the background. There is a change of focus when two men walk right in front of Charles while he is pacing back and forth. Muggsy has finally obtained proof that the Harringtons are card sharks and while the camera still focusing in on Charles, he approaches with the purser, who carries an 8 x 10 envelope in his hand. As the purser decisively tells Charles to look at the contents, there is a medium close-up of Charles and the purser. The camera zooms in, there is ominous music playing in the background and then a close-up of a candid photograph showing Jean, her father, and Gerald descending a boat's gangplank - it identifies the Harringtons as crooks with multiple aliases: "'Handsome Harry' Harrington, his daughter Jean and third character known as Gerald. Professional card sharks; also bunko, oil wells, gold mines, and occasionally green goods.† The scene fades into Charles’ concerned face with diagetic sound in the background. The cheerless music gets louder and louder as a medium close-up of Charles’ face ends with him looking at the picture one more time and feeling hurt, puts the picture inside the envelope. When Charles learns her true identity from his protective bodyguard, he reacts with miserable distress. The camera follows him as he strides stoically to the bar and orders a stiff drink in a general shot. The background music is now very ominous and slow. Jean arrives from the left of him in the ship's bar; the camera goes into a medium shot of Jean and Charles at the bar. She is wondering why he looks so worried and crestfallen, and guesses that it's because he is "falling in love with a girl in the middle of an ocean." Truthful for once in her life, she admits her authentic love for him and her mistakes and puts her left arm around his shoulders. Midstream, she realizes that he's found out about her. The scene of Charles rejecting Jean is shot with a medium shot of both of them at the bar.

Internet cafe Essay

One popular place where students and young professionals commonly hangout nowadays is a cyber cafe. Internet cafe or kiosks have been sprouting everywhere, and not just in the US, but all over the world. With the advent of the internet and its wide range of benefits getting more and more popular to everybody, the demand for more internet cafes keeps on increasing. Internet cafe owners are also keeping up with the market trend. If these cafes were previously known as just internet shops being just providers of internet services, they are now like coffee shops and cafes offering great food and coffee as well. This industry still has a lot more to offer to increase and widen its target market, and to keep its customers always satisfied. Services The main reason why there are internet cafes around is to provide internet services to people who do not have access from their own homes. Usually, there are a lot of computers available which are all connected to one computer that acts as a server. Most of the cyber cafes have at least 10 computers available for their customers. The specifications of these computers are usually of the mid-range category. One important thing is that these units should be running fast. Reliability is also as important because, as an owner, you would not want to lose money by having a computer down and, at the same time, spending a lot for its repair. The server computer, which is the one connected to the internet, usually has a high-end configuration – big storage capacity and fast performance. Most of the cyber cafes nowadays not only offer computer and internet access. There are also added services being offered such as printing, scanning, photocopying, CD/DVD burning, photo printing, faxing, and long-distance phone services. Cyber cafes now aim to be some sort of a one-stop-shop for their customers. These businesses want to keep their customers and not look for another shop for services that they may not be offering. This is a good strategy for businesses to increase their customer base and increase earnings as well. Internet gaming is one of the recent technology introduced by this industry. Existing internet cafes either added more computers or upgraded their existing units in order to be capable of handling different internet game software. This new offering of cyber cafes has been very popular among teens. Internet gaming is the modern version of video arcades and is more challenging and exciting because you are actually playing with humans, and not just computers. For a gaming setup, computers are connected to a local area network with one or more servers. Each of these computers has the highest hardware configuration possible as required by the game software. Depending on the game, the users or players can form teams and fight with other teams. These players and teams are all in the same room so it adds more fun to the game. Since the goal of cyber cafe owners is to keep the customers in their shops for a long time, they also started offering food and drinks. Some even had some space allotted for something like a coffee shop or an espresso bar. If that will be added to the shop, though, the owner should be knowledgeable in the coffee business, or at least hire someone who is. It would be not too easy to manage an internet gaming shop and coffee shop in one since they have are two entirely different industries. The owner or the manager should have the right skills and expertise for the business to be successful. It would be best if there would be one manager for the internet gaming business and another one for the food and drinks part. Having separate managers will give more focus on each group yet work together to compliment on each other’s services and offerings making the business succeed as a whole. Facilities Putting up an internet cafe not only requires business knowledge but technical expertise as well. The major equipments being used by these cafes are computers. These computers are required to have specific configuration for their specific purpose. If the computer is simply used for internet browsing, typing documents and email, a mid-range system may suffice. The common hardware specifications of this kind are as follows: Pentium 4 processor, 512MB memory, 40 or 80GB hard drive, integrated video, audio and network cards. On the other hand, if the computer is used primarily for gaming, the usual specifications are: Pentium 4 processor (preferably Core Duo), at least 1GB memory, 80 or 120GB hard drive, at least 128MB PCI-Express video card, PCI sound card, integrated network card. If the shop is also offering CD/DVD burning, a few units should also have CDRW and DVD ±RW drives. For video editing services, at least one unit should have a video card with video capture capabilities. Other equipments that can be found in an internet cafe are printers, faxes, scanners, and copiers. For efficiency and practicality, most owners would buy the all-in-one type. Networking equipments are also important in this business. Routers, hubs, switches, network cables and data cables are needed to connect each of the computers together. Gaming cafes should have very reliable networking equipments because having these units down is unacceptable for this business. Other shops that are always packed with customers would have TVs as well in their waiting area. Cyber cafes offering food and drinks should also have the necessary kitchen equipments. One thing that may be of a challenge in entering the cyber cafe business is the high maintenance requirement of the equipments. As an example, the owner of Howie’s Game Shack, Howie Makler (as cited in Cheung, 2006), said, â€Å"Every 18 months, I basically have to throw away everything and buy $700,000 in new computers. † That is essentially about $3,500 per computer. It may be expensive but is definitely worth it in the long run. It pays to have all the equipments well-maintained and always updated with the latest hardware and software. Talking about software, applications also form bulk of the investment the owner needs to make. Each application installed in each unit needs a license. But it is usually just a one-time fee unlike hardware that needs constant upgrading. Money Matters There is a very big potential of earning huge money in the internet cafe business. Other than the standard service of offering internet and email access, other options to earn are offering printing services, photocopying, faxing, scanning, even resume services and a whole lot more. If planning to put up an internet cafe, it is better to also have a lot of gaming units since this is the trend nowadays. Network gaming is what keeps kids and teens inside these cyber cafes. The common running rates for an hour of internet and gaming access range from $4 to $7. The best way to determine the right price to set for the hourly access is to know the prices being charged by competitors within the vicinity. If there is no close competitor, which is highly unlikely, market surveys and prices being charged by neighboring counties or states can be used as references. Other cyber cafes, like the Howie’s Game Shack, offer such a thing as a day pass wherein customers need not pay the hourly rate; they can buy a pass for $15 which is good for the whole day (Cheung, 2006). This is an example of a good marketing strategy in order to attract more customers, keep them playing for longer hours, and make them come back more frequently. Logistics and Marketing Although it is mentioned that the earning potential in the cyber cafe industry is quite attractive, it also depends on the location of the business and marketing strategies of the owner. Location is one important factor in any type of business. Cyber cafe’s target markets are mostly teens, students and young professionals. Thus, it is beneficial to choose a location where these people are commonly found such as malls, near the parks and schools perhaps. Having creative and innovative minds would also benefit this kind of business. The owners or managers of internet cafes should never run out of marketing strategies in mind to keep customers coming. The cyber cafe business is definitely one promising industry as more and more people are now appreciating the benefits of the cyber world. Although it may not be deemed as that lucrative a business yet, earning is definitely not a problem as long as it is backed by wise and strategic management. The country will most likely see more cyber cafes being established in the coming years. References Cheung, H. (2006). Gaming heaven for Southern California residents – Howie’s Game Shack. TG Daily. Retrieved February 13, 2007 from http://www. tgdaily. com/2006/05/26/howies_game_shack/ Palo Alto Software, Inc. (2007). Cafe – Internet Cafe Business Plan. Retrieved February 13, 2007 from http://www. bplans. com/spv/3142/

Overview of the Research Process for Business Students

What is Research? People undertake research in order to find things out in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge (Jankowicz, 1995). â€Å"Systematic† suggests that research is based on logical relationships and not just beliefs (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010). To â€Å"find things out† suggests there are a multiplicity of possible purposes for your research (Becker, 1998). It is therefore an activity which has to be finished at some point to be of use.The results of research really are all around us in everyday life. Politicians often justify their policy decisions on the basis of research; Newspapers report the findings of research companies. Documentary programmes tell us about research findings and advertisers may highlight the results of research to encourage consumers to buy a particular product or brand. The most difficult hurdle to overcome in doing research is not in learning the techniques or doing the actual work or even writing the report.The bigge st obstacle, surprisingly, lies in figuring out what you want to know. Two problems are very common: choosing a topic which is too broad†¦ or â€Å"dressing up† a topic (Kane, 1987) Formulating and clarifying the research topic is the starting point of research (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010; Smith and Dainty 1991). Most research originates from a general problem. Usually, the problem is broad enough that it could not be addressed in a single research study.Consequently, the problem is narrowed into a more specific research question. A well-constructed research question is one described by Maylor and Blackmon (2005, p. 54) which â€Å"identifies the scope of the research and guides the plan of the project†. The research question is the central issue being addressed in the study and from this research objectives can be set. The table below sets out criteria to help devise useful research objectives. Criterion| Purpose|Transparency| The meaning of the research objective is clear and unambiguous| Specificity| The purpose of the research objective is clear and easily understood, as are the actions required to fulfil it| Relevancy| The research objective’s link to the research question and wider research project is clear| Interconnectivity| Taken together as a set, the research objectives illustrate the steps in the research process from its start to its conclusion, without leaving any gaps. In this way the research objectives form a coherent whole| Answerability| The intended outcome of the research objective is achievable.Where this relates to data, the nature of the data required will be clear or at least implied| Measurability| The intended product of the research objective will be evident when it has been achieved| Saunders (2012) Research Methods for Business Students, Table 2. 3 p. 44 Literature Review A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. Its ultimate g oal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature and forms the basis for another goal, such as justification for future research the area. Knowledge does not exist in a vacuum, and your work only has value in relation to other peoples† (Jankowicz, 2005). It seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, and clarify/integrate the content of previous researches and assists in limiting the scope of inquiry while conveying the importance of studying a topic to readers. Literature sources available include Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Primary data is original data that has been collected from the original source with a purpose in mind.Secondary sources are the subsequent publication of primary literature and tertiary sources (search tools) are designed to either help locate primary and secondary literature or to introduce a topic. Tertiary Indexes Databases Catalogues Encyclopaedias Dictionaries Bibliographies Citation Indexes Secondary Journals Books Newspapers Governmen t Publications Primary Reports Theses Emails Company Reports Unpublished Manuscripts Some Government Publications Increasing time to publish Increasing level of detail Saunders (2012) Research Methods for Business Students Table 3. 3, p82 Primary versus Secondary ResearchPrimary data has not been published and so is more reliable, authentic and objective. It has not been changed or altered by human beings therefore its validity is greater than secondary data however it is important to remember it can only be considered as reliable as the people who gathered it. Gathering data in this way is time consuming, and incurs a high cost. More resources tend to be required and it can result in inaccurate feedback. Secondary data is less valid but it is readily available and can be reused. It is cheaper and quicker to obtain in comparison to primary data.In some circumstances primary data does not exist and so one has to confine the research of secondary data. The Research Process Research is not neutral, but reflects a range of the researcher’s personal interests, values, abilities, assumptions aims and ambitions. â€Å"The research philosophy depends on the way you think about the development of knowledge† (Saunders et al. 2000, p. 84) Collis and Hussey (2003, p. 52) highlight two main research philosophies and detail that there can be overlap between the two and both positions may be identifiable in any research project. They are the positivistic and phenomenological.Positivistic approaches are founded on the belief that the study of human behaviour should be conducted in the same way as studies conducted in the natural sciences. Therefore seeking to identify measure and evaluate any phenomena and to provide a rational explanation for it. This approach attempts to establish casual links and relationships between the different elements (or variables) of the subject and relate them to a particular theory or practice. Phenomenological approaches however, a pproach research from the perspective of understanding behaviour from the participants’ own subjective frames of reference.Research methods are chosen, therefore, to try and describe, translate and explain and interpret events from the perspectives of the people who are the subject of the research. The following diagram describes the research process â€Å"onion† that supports the researcher to â€Å"depict the issues underlying the choice of data collection methods† (Saunders, 2012 Research Methods for Business Students, Fig 4. 1, p. 128) The layers of research represent the following aspects: * Research philosophy; * Research approach; * Research strategy/methodology; * Time horizons; and * Data collection methods Research Approach – Deductive or Inductive? It is the theory that decides what can be observed† Albert Einstein Bryan & Bell (2007) state that the researcher will either use: 1) deductive in which a theory and hypothesis is developed and a strategy is designed to test the hypothesis, or 2) inductive approach will be used in which the data is collected and as the result of data analysis theory and hypothesis are developed. However, Mason (2001, p. 181) supports the use of more than one research approach, â€Å"it is worth pointing out that most research strategies (approaches) in practice probably draw on a combination of these (inductive or deductive) approaches†.What is the difference between method and methodology? A method is a technique used for gathering evidence or the various ways in which proceeding in gathering information. Methodology is the underlying theory of how research does or should proceed, often influenced by discipline. Research Strategy The research strategy is of paramount important in setting the parameters and creating the credibility of any study. According to Collis and Hussey (2003, p. 55) research methodology refers to the overall approaches and perspectives to the research proces s as a whole and is concerned with the following main issues: Why you collected certain data; * What data you collected; * Where you collected it; * How you collected it; * How you analysed it The choice of research strategy is dependent on the research questions and objectives, the extent of existing knowledge, the amount of time and resources available and the philosophical foundations (Saunders et al. 2007). There are various research strategies proposed by different authors including experiment, survey, case study, action research, grounded theory and ethnography. Experiment is a classical form of research which allows studying the effect of change, an independent variable can bring in another dependent variable (Hakim, 2000) * Survey is a methodology which is usually associated with the deductive approach and is mostly used in the situations where there is a need to collect the data from a large population in an economical manner (Saunder et al, 2007) * Case Study is defined as a â€Å"strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence† (Robson, 2000: 178) * Action Research is focused on finding a way to bring about a change in a controlled environment * Grounded theory is often thought of as the best example of inductive approach as the hypothesis is developed from the data generated by a series of observations (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) * Ethnography is a research strategy which focuses on acquiring the social knowledge in order to understand the observed patterns of human activity (Hussey & Hussey, 1997) Ethical Issues Ethical concerns may emerge at all stages of research. Saunders et al. (2007, p. 31) summarise the main issues to consider, although ethical issues surrounding these items are not always clear: * The rights of privacy of individuals * Voluntary nature of participation – and the rights of individuals to wi thdraw partially or completely from the process * Consent and possible deception of participants (Appendix ? ) * Maintenance of confidentiality of data provided by individuals or identifiable participants and their anonymity * Reactions of participants to the ways which researchers seek to collect data * Effects on participants of the way data is analysed and reported * Behaviour and objectivity of the researcher Reliability and Validity